Methods to Identify Cognitive Alterations from Animals to Humans: A Translational Approach

The increasing prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in developed countries, associated with population aging, has generated great interest in characterizing and quantifying cognitive deficits in these patients. An essential tool for accurate diagnosis is cognitive assessment, a lengthy process that depends on the cognitive domains analyzed. Cognitive tests, functional capacity scales, and advanced neuroimaging studies explore the different mental functions in clinical practice. On the other hand, animal models of human diseases with cognitive impairment are essential for understanding disease pathophysiology. The study of cognitive function using animal models encompasses multiple dimensions, and deciding which ones to investigate is necessary to select the most appropriate and specific tests. Therefore, this review studies the main cognitive tests for assessing cognitive deficits in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive tests, the most commonly used functional capacity scales, and those resulting from previous evidence are considered. In addition, the leading behavioral tests that assess cognitive functions in animal models of disorders with cognitive impairment are highlighted.