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Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites
The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr),...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10143961/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37109824 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16082988 |
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author | Sowińska-Baranowska, Anna Maciejewska, Magdalena |
author_facet | Sowińska-Baranowska, Anna Maciejewska, Magdalena |
author_sort | Sowińska-Baranowska, Anna |
collection | PubMed |
description | The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr), and silanes, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and bis [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS), were used to increase the activity of ground eggshells in the elastomer matrix and to ameliorate the cure characteristics and properties of NR biocomposites. The influence of ground eggshells, CTAB, ILs, and silanes on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of NR vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation were explored. The amount of eggshells affected the curing characteristics and crosslink density of the rubber composites and therefore their tensile properties. Vulcanizates filled with eggshells demonstrated higher crosslink density than the unfilled sample by approximately 30%, whereas CTAB and ILs increased the crosslink density by 40–60% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the enhanced crosslink density and uniform dispersion of ground eggshells, vulcanizates containing CTAB and ILs exhibited tensile strength improved by approximately 20% compared to those without these additives. Moreover, the hardness of these vulcanizates was increased by 35–42%. Application of both the biofiller and the tested additives did not significantly affect the thermal stability of cured NR compared to the unfilled benchmark. Most importantly, the eggshell-filled vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging compared to the unfilled NR. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10143961 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101439612023-04-29 Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites Sowińska-Baranowska, Anna Maciejewska, Magdalena Materials (Basel) Article The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr), and silanes, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and bis [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS), were used to increase the activity of ground eggshells in the elastomer matrix and to ameliorate the cure characteristics and properties of NR biocomposites. The influence of ground eggshells, CTAB, ILs, and silanes on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of NR vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation were explored. The amount of eggshells affected the curing characteristics and crosslink density of the rubber composites and therefore their tensile properties. Vulcanizates filled with eggshells demonstrated higher crosslink density than the unfilled sample by approximately 30%, whereas CTAB and ILs increased the crosslink density by 40–60% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the enhanced crosslink density and uniform dispersion of ground eggshells, vulcanizates containing CTAB and ILs exhibited tensile strength improved by approximately 20% compared to those without these additives. Moreover, the hardness of these vulcanizates was increased by 35–42%. Application of both the biofiller and the tested additives did not significantly affect the thermal stability of cured NR compared to the unfilled benchmark. Most importantly, the eggshell-filled vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging compared to the unfilled NR. MDPI 2023-04-09 /pmc/articles/PMC10143961/ /pubmed/37109824 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16082988 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Sowińska-Baranowska, Anna Maciejewska, Magdalena Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
title | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
title_full | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
title_fullStr | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
title_full_unstemmed | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
title_short | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
title_sort | potential utilization of ground eggshells as a biofiller for natural rubber biocomposites |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10143961/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37109824 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16082988 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT sowinskabaranowskaanna potentialutilizationofgroundeggshellsasabiofillerfornaturalrubberbiocomposites AT maciejewskamagdalena potentialutilizationofgroundeggshellsasabiofillerfornaturalrubberbiocomposites |