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The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease

The intestinal microbiome is frequently implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. While no particular organism has been associated with NEC development, a general reduction in bacterial diversity and increase in pathobiont abundance has been noted preceding disease onset. However,...

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Autores principales: Wilson, Adam, Bogie, Brett, Chaaban, Hala, Burge, Kathryn
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10144239/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37110332
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040909
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author Wilson, Adam
Bogie, Brett
Chaaban, Hala
Burge, Kathryn
author_facet Wilson, Adam
Bogie, Brett
Chaaban, Hala
Burge, Kathryn
author_sort Wilson, Adam
collection PubMed
description The intestinal microbiome is frequently implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. While no particular organism has been associated with NEC development, a general reduction in bacterial diversity and increase in pathobiont abundance has been noted preceding disease onset. However, nearly all evaluations of the preterm infant microbiome focus exclusively on the bacterial constituents, completely ignoring any fungi, protozoa, archaea, and viruses present. The abundance, diversity, and function of these nonbacterial microbes within the preterm intestinal ecosystem are largely unknown. Here, we review findings on the role of fungi and viruses, including bacteriophages, in preterm intestinal development and neonatal intestinal inflammation, with potential roles in NEC pathogenesis yet to be determined. In addition, we highlight the importance of host and environmental influences, interkingdom interactions, and the role of human milk in shaping fungal and viral abundance, diversity, and function within the preterm intestinal ecosystem.
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spelling pubmed-101442392023-04-29 The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease Wilson, Adam Bogie, Brett Chaaban, Hala Burge, Kathryn Microorganisms Review The intestinal microbiome is frequently implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. While no particular organism has been associated with NEC development, a general reduction in bacterial diversity and increase in pathobiont abundance has been noted preceding disease onset. However, nearly all evaluations of the preterm infant microbiome focus exclusively on the bacterial constituents, completely ignoring any fungi, protozoa, archaea, and viruses present. The abundance, diversity, and function of these nonbacterial microbes within the preterm intestinal ecosystem are largely unknown. Here, we review findings on the role of fungi and viruses, including bacteriophages, in preterm intestinal development and neonatal intestinal inflammation, with potential roles in NEC pathogenesis yet to be determined. In addition, we highlight the importance of host and environmental influences, interkingdom interactions, and the role of human milk in shaping fungal and viral abundance, diversity, and function within the preterm intestinal ecosystem. MDPI 2023-03-31 /pmc/articles/PMC10144239/ /pubmed/37110332 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040909 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Wilson, Adam
Bogie, Brett
Chaaban, Hala
Burge, Kathryn
The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease
title The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease
title_full The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease
title_fullStr The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease
title_full_unstemmed The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease
title_short The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease
title_sort nonbacterial microbiome: fungal and viral contributions to the preterm infant gut in health and disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10144239/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37110332
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040909
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