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Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10145020/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37112923 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15040944 |
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author | Zabidi, Nur Zawanah Liew, Hern Liang Farouk, Isra Ahmad Puniyamurti, Ashwini Yip, Ashley Jia Wen Wijesinghe, Vindya Nilakshi Low, Zheng Yao Tang, Julian W. Chow, Vincent T. K. Lal, Sunil K. |
author_facet | Zabidi, Nur Zawanah Liew, Hern Liang Farouk, Isra Ahmad Puniyamurti, Ashwini Yip, Ashley Jia Wen Wijesinghe, Vindya Nilakshi Low, Zheng Yao Tang, Julian W. Chow, Vincent T. K. Lal, Sunil K. |
author_sort | Zabidi, Nur Zawanah |
collection | PubMed |
description | The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals with advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are at a higher risk of increased disease severity. Hence, this has resulted in an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review describes the origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2 and its variants as well as sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute to disease severity and the implications of co-infections are also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, including novel and repurposed antiviral drugs targeting viral and host proteins, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies, are discussed. We critically evaluate strategies of current and emerging vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their efficacy, including immune evasion by new variants and sub-variants. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 evolution on COVID-19 diagnostic testing is also examined. Collectively, global research and public health authorities, along with all sectors of society, need to better prepare against upcoming variants and future coronavirus outbreaks. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10145020 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101450202023-04-29 Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies Zabidi, Nur Zawanah Liew, Hern Liang Farouk, Isra Ahmad Puniyamurti, Ashwini Yip, Ashley Jia Wen Wijesinghe, Vindya Nilakshi Low, Zheng Yao Tang, Julian W. Chow, Vincent T. K. Lal, Sunil K. Viruses Review The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals with advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are at a higher risk of increased disease severity. Hence, this has resulted in an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review describes the origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2 and its variants as well as sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute to disease severity and the implications of co-infections are also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, including novel and repurposed antiviral drugs targeting viral and host proteins, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies, are discussed. We critically evaluate strategies of current and emerging vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their efficacy, including immune evasion by new variants and sub-variants. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 evolution on COVID-19 diagnostic testing is also examined. Collectively, global research and public health authorities, along with all sectors of society, need to better prepare against upcoming variants and future coronavirus outbreaks. MDPI 2023-04-10 /pmc/articles/PMC10145020/ /pubmed/37112923 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15040944 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Zabidi, Nur Zawanah Liew, Hern Liang Farouk, Isra Ahmad Puniyamurti, Ashwini Yip, Ashley Jia Wen Wijesinghe, Vindya Nilakshi Low, Zheng Yao Tang, Julian W. Chow, Vincent T. K. Lal, Sunil K. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies |
title | Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies |
title_full | Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies |
title_fullStr | Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies |
title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies |
title_short | Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies |
title_sort | evolution of sars-cov-2 variants: implications on immune escape, vaccination, therapeutic and diagnostic strategies |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10145020/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37112923 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15040944 |
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