Helicobacter pylori and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection: Potential Implications for Future Gastric Cancer Risk

Objective: Helicobacter pylori and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both pandemic infections with variable geographic prevalence rates. H. pylori–HIV co-infection at the regional and sub-regional levels with a perspective on gastric cancer incidence is discussed. Design: Based on PRISMA guidelines, national data for H. pylori, HIV, and H. pylori–HIV co-infection were collected for the general population through December 2019. Joint temporal and geographical data for H. pylori and HIV infections in 48 countries were available and used to generate H. pylori–HIV co-infection estimates by cross-sectional analysis. These data were compared with gastric carcinoma statistics for the same countries. Results: The estimated global prevalence rate of H. pylori–HIV co-infection was 1.7 per 1000 people, representing 12.6 million people. Prevalence according to region was, in decreasing order, sub-Saharan Africa 21.9‰, Eastern Europe/Central Asia 4.3‰, Latin America/Caribbean 2.0 ‰, North America/Western/Southern/Northern Europe 1.1‰, Asia/Pacific 0.8‰, and North Africa/Middle East 0.1 ‰. The incidence and mortality rates for gastric carcinoma were higher in East/Pacific Asia, Southern/Andean Latin America, and Eastern Europe regions, and the incidence appeared to be 1.8-fold greater in H. pylori–HIV-infected people in East Asia. Conclusions: The population at risk of H. pylori–HIV co-infection is estimated to be 12.6 million people (2015 reference year). The heterogeneity of H. pylori–HIV co-infection across regions and sub-regions does not show a clear association with gastric carcinoma. Other methodological approaches with analytical studies (cohort, case–control) are required to measure the potential effect of H. pylori infection and its treatment on the incidence of gastric carcinoma in the large HIV–H. pylori-positive cohort.