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Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency

The aim of this study was to assess whether electrical parameters (capacitance and conductivity) of fresh engine oils—tested over a wide range of measurement voltage frequencies—can be used for oil quality assessment and its identification, based on physicochemical properties. The study encompassed...

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Autores principales: Wolak, Artur, Żywica, Ryszard, Molenda, Jarosław, Banach, Joanna Katarzyna
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10146063/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37112325
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083981
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author Wolak, Artur
Żywica, Ryszard
Molenda, Jarosław
Banach, Joanna Katarzyna
author_facet Wolak, Artur
Żywica, Ryszard
Molenda, Jarosław
Banach, Joanna Katarzyna
author_sort Wolak, Artur
collection PubMed
description The aim of this study was to assess whether electrical parameters (capacitance and conductivity) of fresh engine oils—tested over a wide range of measurement voltage frequencies—can be used for oil quality assessment and its identification, based on physicochemical properties. The study encompassed 41 commercial engine oils with different quality ratings (American Petroleum Institute (API) and European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA)). As part of the study, the oils were tested for their total base number (TBN) and total acid number (TAN), as well as their electrical parameters, including impedance magnitude, phase shift angle, conductance, susceptance, capacitance and quality factor. Next, the results for all of the samples were examined for correlations between the mean electrical parameters and the test voltage frequency. A statistical analysis (k-means and agglomerative hierarchical clustering) was applied to group oils with similar readings, drawing on the values for all electrical parameters to produce group oils with the highest similarity to each other into clusters. The results show that the electrical-based diagnostics of fresh engine oils can serve as a highly selective method for identifying oil quality, offering much higher resolution than assessments based on the TBN or the TAN. This is further supported by the cluster analysis, with five clusters generated for electrical parameters of the oils, compared to only three generated for TAN- and TBN-based measurements. Out of all the tested electrical parameters, capacitance, impedance magnitude and quality factor were found to be the most promising for diagnostic purposes. The value of electrical parameters of fresh engine oils is mostly dependent on the test voltage frequency (with the exception of capacitance). The correlations identified in the course of the study can be used to select for those frequency ranges that offer the highest diagnostic utility.
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spelling pubmed-101460632023-04-29 Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency Wolak, Artur Żywica, Ryszard Molenda, Jarosław Banach, Joanna Katarzyna Sensors (Basel) Article The aim of this study was to assess whether electrical parameters (capacitance and conductivity) of fresh engine oils—tested over a wide range of measurement voltage frequencies—can be used for oil quality assessment and its identification, based on physicochemical properties. The study encompassed 41 commercial engine oils with different quality ratings (American Petroleum Institute (API) and European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA)). As part of the study, the oils were tested for their total base number (TBN) and total acid number (TAN), as well as their electrical parameters, including impedance magnitude, phase shift angle, conductance, susceptance, capacitance and quality factor. Next, the results for all of the samples were examined for correlations between the mean electrical parameters and the test voltage frequency. A statistical analysis (k-means and agglomerative hierarchical clustering) was applied to group oils with similar readings, drawing on the values for all electrical parameters to produce group oils with the highest similarity to each other into clusters. The results show that the electrical-based diagnostics of fresh engine oils can serve as a highly selective method for identifying oil quality, offering much higher resolution than assessments based on the TBN or the TAN. This is further supported by the cluster analysis, with five clusters generated for electrical parameters of the oils, compared to only three generated for TAN- and TBN-based measurements. Out of all the tested electrical parameters, capacitance, impedance magnitude and quality factor were found to be the most promising for diagnostic purposes. The value of electrical parameters of fresh engine oils is mostly dependent on the test voltage frequency (with the exception of capacitance). The correlations identified in the course of the study can be used to select for those frequency ranges that offer the highest diagnostic utility. MDPI 2023-04-14 /pmc/articles/PMC10146063/ /pubmed/37112325 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083981 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Wolak, Artur
Żywica, Ryszard
Molenda, Jarosław
Banach, Joanna Katarzyna
Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency
title Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency
title_full Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency
title_fullStr Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency
title_full_unstemmed Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency
title_short Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition—Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency
title_sort electrical parameters as diagnostics of fresh engine oil condition—correlation with test voltage frequency
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10146063/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37112325
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083981
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