Prevalence and influencing factors of chronic pain in middle-aged and older adults in China: results of a nationally representative survey

BACKGROUND: With China's rapidly aging population, chronic pain has become a major public health issue. This article aims at determining associations between chronic pain and multiple factors, including demographic characteristics, health status, and health service utilization of middle-aged and older adults in China. METHODS: We selected all the 19,829 respondents who were over 45 years old from the China Health and Aging Tracking Survey 2018 (CHARLS) as our study population. The key information in terms of the body pain, demographic characteristics, health status, behaviors and health services use was extracted and analyzed. Logistic regression model was used to determine the influencing factors of chronic pain. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that 60.02% (9,257) of the data from this survey reported physical pain, with pain sites concentrated at the head (40.9%), lower back (62.2%) and knees (47.2%). Pain was positively associated with influencing factors for pain: being a female (OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.90–2.33, p < 0.001), living in a western region (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.16–1.41, p < 0.001), living in a rural area (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23, p < 0.001), smoked (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.14–1.38, p < 0.001), drank alcohol (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.26, p = 0.001), and had poor self-rated health (OR = 6.84, 95% CI 5.41–8.65, p < 0.001), had hearing problems (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.11–3.37, p < 0.001), were depressed (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.03–1.29, p < 0.001), had arthritis (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 2.02–2.41, p < 0.001), stomach disorders (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.55–1.85, p < 0.001), visited a Western medicine hospital (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.10–1.50, p = 0.002), and visits to other medical institutions (OR = 1.42, 95%CI 1.22–1.64, p < 0.001). On the other side, as a protective factor for pain, having nighttime sleep ≥7 h (OR = 0.74, 95%CI 0.68–0.80, p < 0.001) was negatively associated with pain. CONCLUSION: Physical pain affects many older adults. Women, regional, rural residents, smokers, alcohol drinkers, people with poor self-rated health, those having <7 h of sleep at night, those with hearing problems, depression, arthritis, stomach disorders, and people who visits Western hospitals or other medical institutions are at greater risk for pain and deserve the attention of health care providers and policy makers to focus on pain prevention and management in middle-aged and older adults. Future research studies should also focus on the impact of health literacy on pain prevention and management outcomes.