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YY1 complex in M2 macrophage promotes prostate cancer progression by upregulating IL-6
BACKGROUND: Tumor-associated macrophages are mainly polarized into the M2 phenotype, remodeling the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor progression by secreting various cytokines. METHODS: Tissue microarray consisting of prostate cancer (PCa), normal prostate, and lymph node metastatic sample...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10152059/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37094986 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-006020 |
Sumario: | BACKGROUND: Tumor-associated macrophages are mainly polarized into the M2 phenotype, remodeling the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor progression by secreting various cytokines. METHODS: Tissue microarray consisting of prostate cancer (PCa), normal prostate, and lymph node metastatic samples from patients with PCa were stained with Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and CD163. Transgenic mice overexpressing YY1 were constructed to observe PCa tumorigenesis. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro experiments, including CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out, RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing, and liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) assays, were performed to investigate the role and mechanism of YY1 in M2 macrophages and PCa tumor microenvironment. RESULTS: YY1 was highly expressed in M2 macrophages in PCa and was associated with poorer clinical outcomes. The proportion of tumor-infiltrated M2 macrophages increased in transgenic mice overexpressing YY1. In contrast, the proliferation and activity of anti-tumoral T lymphocytes were suppressed. Treatment targeting YY1 on M2 macrophages using an M2-targeting peptide-modified liposome carrier suppressed PCa cell lung metastasis and generated synergistic anti-tumoral effects with PD-1 blockade. IL-4/STAT6 pathway regulated YY1, and YY1 increased the macrophage-induced PCa progression by upregulating IL-6. Furthermore, by conducting H3K27ac-ChIP-seq in M2 macrophages and THP-1, we found that thousands of enhancers were gained during M2 macrophage polarization, and these M2-specific enhancers were enriched in YY1 ChIP-seq signals. In addition, an M2-specific IL-6 enhancer upregulated IL-6 expression through long-range chromatin interaction with IL-6 promoter in M2 macrophages. During M2 macrophage polarization, YY1 formed an LLPS, in which p300, p65, and CEBPB acted as transcriptional cofactors. CONCLUSIONS: Phase separation of the YY1 complex in M2 macrophages upregulated IL-6 by promoting IL-6 enhancer–promoter interactions, thereby increasing PCa progression. |
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