Expanding agroforestry can increase nitrate retention and mitigate the global impact of a leaky nitrogen cycle in croplands

The internal soil nitrogen (N) cycle supplies N to plants and microorganisms but may induce N pollution in the environment. Understanding the variability of gross N cycling rates resulting from the global spatial heterogeneity of climatic and edaphic variables is essential for estimating the potential risk of N loss. Here we compiled 4,032 observations from 398 published (15)N pool dilution and tracing studies to analyse the interactions between soil internal potential N cycling and environmental effects. We observed that the global potential N cycle changes from a conservative cycle in forests to a less conservative one in grasslands and a leaky one in croplands. Structural equation modelling revealed that soil properties (soil pH, total N and carbon-to-N ratio) were more important than the climate factors in shaping the internal potential N cycle, but different patterns in the potential N cycle of terrestrial ecosystems across climatic zones were also determined. The high spatial variations in the global soil potential N cycle suggest that shifting cropland systems towards agroforestry systems can be a solution to improve N conservation.