Presence of Holmboe waves in particle-laden intrusive gravity current

The present study evaluates the prevalence of Holmboe waves in an intrusive gravity current (IGC) containing particles, employing large Eddy simulation (LES). Holmboe waves, a type of stratified shear layer-generated wave, are characterised by a relatively thin density interface compared to the thickness of the shear layer. The study demonstrates the occurrence of secondary rotation, wave stretching over time, and fluid ejection at the interface between the IGC and a lower gravity current (LGC). Results indicate that, aside from J and R, the density difference between the IGC and the LGC has an impact on Holmboe instability. However, a reduction in the density difference does not manifest consistently in the frequency, growth rate, and phase speed, though it does cause an increase in the wavelength. It is important to note that small particles do not affect the Holmboe instability of the IGC, while larger particles cause the current to become unstable and vary the characteristics of Holmboe instability. Moreover, an increase in the particle diameter size results in an increment in the wavelength, growth rate, and phase speed; but is accompanied by a decrease in frequency. Additionally, the enlargement of the bed slope angle makes the IGC more unstable, encouraging the growth of Kelvin–Helmholtz waves; however, this causes Holmboe waves to disappear on inclined beds. Finally, a range for the instabilities of both Kelvin–Helmholtz and Holmboe is provided.