Combining β-Carotene with 5-FU via Polymeric Nanoparticles as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Overcome uL3-Mediated Chemoresistance in p53-Deleted Colorectal Cancer Cells

[Image: see text] Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite recent therapeutic advancements, resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains a major obstacle to the successful treatment of this disease. We have previously identified the ribosomal protein uL3 as a key player in the cell response to 5-FU, and loss of uL3 is associated with 5-FU chemoresistance. Natural products, like carotenoids, have shown the ability to enhance cancer cell response to drugs and may provide a safer choice to defeat chemoresistance in cancer. Transcriptome analysis of a cohort of 594 colorectal patients revealed a correlation between uL3 expression and both progression-free survival and response to treatment. RNA-Seq data from uL3-silenced CRC cells demonstrated that a low uL3 transcriptional state was associated with an increased expression of specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) genes. Using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models of 5-FU-resistant CRC cells stably silenced for uL3, we investigated the effect of a novel therapeutic strategy by combining β-carotene and 5-FU using nanoparticles (NPs) as a drug delivery system. Our results indicated that the combined treatment might overcome 5-FU chemoresistance, inducing cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis. Furthermore, the combined treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of analyzed ABC genes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that β-carotene combined with 5-FU may be a more effective therapeutic approach for treating CRC cells with low levels of uL3.