Incidence of Kidney Stones After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery—Data from the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry

PURPOSE: Obesity is associated with increased incidence of kidney stones, a risk further increased by metabolic and bariatric surgery, particularly after procedures with a malabsorptive component. However, there is a paucity in reports on baseline risk factor and on larger population-based cohorts. The objective was to evaluate incidence and risk factors for kidney stones after bariatric surgery by comparing them to an age-, sex-, and geographically matched cohort from the normal population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients operated with primary Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) from 2007 until 2017 within the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery registry were matched 1:10 to controls from the normal population. Hospital admission or outpatient visits due to kidney stones registered in the National Patient Registry were considered as endpoint. RESULTS: The study included 58,366 surgical patients (mean age 41.0±11.1, BMI 42.0±5.68, 76% women) with median follow-up time 5.0 [IQR 2.9–7.0] years and 583,660 controls. All surgical procedures were associated with a significantly increased risk for kidney stones (RYGB, HR 6.16, [95% CI 5.37–7.06]; SG, HR 6.33, [95% CI 3.57–11.25]; BPD/DS, HR 10.16, [95% CI 2.94–35.09]). Higher age, type 2 diabetes hypertension at baseline, and a preoperative history of kidney stones were risk factors for having a postoperative diagnosis of kidney stones. CONCLUSION: Primary RYGB, SG, and BPD/DS were all associated with a more than sixfold increased risk for postoperative kidney stones. The risk increased with advancing age, two common obesity-related conditions, and among patients with preoperative history of kidney stones. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]