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Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins
This study reports levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize samples (n = 1294) from all agroecological zones (AEZs) in Malawi. Most maize samples (> 75%) were contaminated with aflatoxins and 45% with fumonisins, which co-occurred in 38% of the samples. Total aflatoxins varied across the AEZs,...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10156841/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36443622 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-022-00471-1 |
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author | Ng’ambi, Justin Temwani Atehnkeng, Joseph Monjerezi, Maurice Ngongondo, Cosmo Vunain, Ephraim Ching’anda, Connel Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro Cotty, Peter J. Matumba, Limbikani Bandyopadhyay, R. |
author_facet | Ng’ambi, Justin Temwani Atehnkeng, Joseph Monjerezi, Maurice Ngongondo, Cosmo Vunain, Ephraim Ching’anda, Connel Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro Cotty, Peter J. Matumba, Limbikani Bandyopadhyay, R. |
author_sort | Ng’ambi, Justin Temwani |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study reports levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize samples (n = 1294) from all agroecological zones (AEZs) in Malawi. Most maize samples (> 75%) were contaminated with aflatoxins and 45% with fumonisins, which co-occurred in 38% of the samples. Total aflatoxins varied across the AEZs, according to mean annual temperature (P < 0.05) of the AEZs. Samples from the lower Shire AEZ (median = 20.8 µg/kg) had higher levels of aflatoxins (P < 0.05) than those from the other AEZs (median = 3.0 µg/kg). Additionally, the majority (75%) of the positive samples from the lower Shire AEZ had aflatoxin levels exceeding the EU regulatory limit (4 µg/kg), whereas 25%, 37%, and 39% of positive samples exceeded the threshold in the mid-elevation, Lake Shore and upper and middle Shire, and highlands AEZs, respectively. The lower Shire AEZ is characterised by higher mean temperatures throughout the year and low erratic rainfall. However, total fumonisins did not show significant variation across AEZs, but all positive samples exceeded 150 µg/kg, required for tolerable daily intake of 1.0 µg/kg body weight per day, established by the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Therefore, results of this study suggest that contamination of maize with aflatoxin responds to micro-climate more than with fumonisins. In addition, the data will be useful to public health policy-makers and stakeholders to articulate and implement monitoring and mitigation programs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12550-022-00471-1. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10156841 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101568412023-05-05 Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins Ng’ambi, Justin Temwani Atehnkeng, Joseph Monjerezi, Maurice Ngongondo, Cosmo Vunain, Ephraim Ching’anda, Connel Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro Cotty, Peter J. Matumba, Limbikani Bandyopadhyay, R. Mycotoxin Res Original Article This study reports levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize samples (n = 1294) from all agroecological zones (AEZs) in Malawi. Most maize samples (> 75%) were contaminated with aflatoxins and 45% with fumonisins, which co-occurred in 38% of the samples. Total aflatoxins varied across the AEZs, according to mean annual temperature (P < 0.05) of the AEZs. Samples from the lower Shire AEZ (median = 20.8 µg/kg) had higher levels of aflatoxins (P < 0.05) than those from the other AEZs (median = 3.0 µg/kg). Additionally, the majority (75%) of the positive samples from the lower Shire AEZ had aflatoxin levels exceeding the EU regulatory limit (4 µg/kg), whereas 25%, 37%, and 39% of positive samples exceeded the threshold in the mid-elevation, Lake Shore and upper and middle Shire, and highlands AEZs, respectively. The lower Shire AEZ is characterised by higher mean temperatures throughout the year and low erratic rainfall. However, total fumonisins did not show significant variation across AEZs, but all positive samples exceeded 150 µg/kg, required for tolerable daily intake of 1.0 µg/kg body weight per day, established by the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Therefore, results of this study suggest that contamination of maize with aflatoxin responds to micro-climate more than with fumonisins. In addition, the data will be useful to public health policy-makers and stakeholders to articulate and implement monitoring and mitigation programs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12550-022-00471-1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022-11-29 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC10156841/ /pubmed/36443622 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-022-00471-1 Text en © The Authors 2022, corrected publication 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Original Article Ng’ambi, Justin Temwani Atehnkeng, Joseph Monjerezi, Maurice Ngongondo, Cosmo Vunain, Ephraim Ching’anda, Connel Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro Cotty, Peter J. Matumba, Limbikani Bandyopadhyay, R. Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins |
title | Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins |
title_full | Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins |
title_fullStr | Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins |
title_full_unstemmed | Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins |
title_short | Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins |
title_sort | micro-climatic variations across malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10156841/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36443622 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-022-00471-1 |
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