Efficacious Sorption Capacities for Pb(II) from Contaminated Water: A Comparative Study Using Biowaste and Its Activated Carbon as Potential Adsorbents

[Image: see text] Heavy-metal pollution is a persevering environmental menace, which demands the necessity of its removal by green and ecofriendly adsorbents. To combat this problem, discarded plant biomass can be used as an efficient substitute. Herein, a comparative study has been highlighted for the removal of Pb(2+) ions using Euryale ferox Salisbury seed coat and its activated carbon, which is prepared by a first-time-reported activating agent that is a novel and non-hazardous bioresource. The batch investigation revealed a 99.9% removal efficiency of Pb(II) by the activated carbon compared to Euryale ferox Salisbury seed coat, which shows only an 89.5% removal efficiency at neutral pH. The adsorption mechanism is mainly a multilayered process, which involves electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrogen bonding interactions. The adsorption equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies were examined for the biosorbents, which revealed the adsorption process to be feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic with both physisorption and chemisorption adsorption mechanisms. The desorption study asserted the reusability of both the biosorbents to a maximum of three cycles.