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Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of layer height of FFF-printed models on aligner force transmission to a second maxillary premolar during buccal torquing, distalization, extrusion, and rotation using differing foil thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing OnyxCeph(3)™ Lab (Image Instrumen...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10159977/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36790628 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-04912-8 |
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author | Spanier, Claudia Schwahn, Christian Krey, Karl-Friedrich Ratzmann, Anja |
author_facet | Spanier, Claudia Schwahn, Christian Krey, Karl-Friedrich Ratzmann, Anja |
author_sort | Spanier, Claudia |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of layer height of FFF-printed models on aligner force transmission to a second maxillary premolar during buccal torquing, distalization, extrusion, and rotation using differing foil thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing OnyxCeph(3)™ Lab (Image Instruments GmbH, Chemnitz, Germany, Release Version 3.2.185), the following movements were programmed for the second premolar: buccal torque (0.1–0.5 mm), distalization (0.1–0.4 mm), extrusion (0.1–0.4 mm), rotation (0.1–0.5 mm), and staging 0.1 mm. Via FFF, 91 maxillary models were printed for each staging at different layer heights (100 µm, 150 µm, 200 µm, 250 µm, 300 µm). Hence, 182 aligners, made of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) with two thicknesses (0.5 mm and 0.75 mm), were prepared. The test setup comprised an acrylic maxillary model with the second premolar separated and mounted on a sensor, measuring initial forces and moments exerted by the aligners. A generalized linear model for the gamma distribution was applied, evaluating the significance of the factors layer height, type of movement, aligner thickness, and staging on aligner force transmission. RESULTS: Foil thickness and staging were found to have a significant influence on forces delivered by aligners, whereas no significance was determined for layer height and type of movement. Nevertheless, at a layer height of 150 µm, the most appropriate force transmission was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Printing aligner models at particularly low layer heights leads to uneconomically high print time without perceptible better force delivery properties, whereas higher layer heights provoke higher unpredictability of forces due to scattering. A z-resolution of 150 µm appears ideal for in-office aligner production combining advantages of economic print time and optimal force transmission. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10159977 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101599772023-05-06 Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study Spanier, Claudia Schwahn, Christian Krey, Karl-Friedrich Ratzmann, Anja Clin Oral Investig Research OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of layer height of FFF-printed models on aligner force transmission to a second maxillary premolar during buccal torquing, distalization, extrusion, and rotation using differing foil thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing OnyxCeph(3)™ Lab (Image Instruments GmbH, Chemnitz, Germany, Release Version 3.2.185), the following movements were programmed for the second premolar: buccal torque (0.1–0.5 mm), distalization (0.1–0.4 mm), extrusion (0.1–0.4 mm), rotation (0.1–0.5 mm), and staging 0.1 mm. Via FFF, 91 maxillary models were printed for each staging at different layer heights (100 µm, 150 µm, 200 µm, 250 µm, 300 µm). Hence, 182 aligners, made of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) with two thicknesses (0.5 mm and 0.75 mm), were prepared. The test setup comprised an acrylic maxillary model with the second premolar separated and mounted on a sensor, measuring initial forces and moments exerted by the aligners. A generalized linear model for the gamma distribution was applied, evaluating the significance of the factors layer height, type of movement, aligner thickness, and staging on aligner force transmission. RESULTS: Foil thickness and staging were found to have a significant influence on forces delivered by aligners, whereas no significance was determined for layer height and type of movement. Nevertheless, at a layer height of 150 µm, the most appropriate force transmission was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Printing aligner models at particularly low layer heights leads to uneconomically high print time without perceptible better force delivery properties, whereas higher layer heights provoke higher unpredictability of forces due to scattering. A z-resolution of 150 µm appears ideal for in-office aligner production combining advantages of economic print time and optimal force transmission. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2023-02-15 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC10159977/ /pubmed/36790628 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-04912-8 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Research Spanier, Claudia Schwahn, Christian Krey, Karl-Friedrich Ratzmann, Anja Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study |
title | Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study |
title_full | Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study |
title_fullStr | Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study |
title_full_unstemmed | Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study |
title_short | Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study |
title_sort | fused filament fabrication (fff): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10159977/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36790628 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-04912-8 |
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