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Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism
IMPORTANCE: Children with autism and their siblings exhibit executive function (EF) deficits early in development, but associations between EF and biological sex or early brain alterations in this population are largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interaction of sex, autism likelihood...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Medical Association
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10160873/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37140923 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11543 |
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author | St. John, Tanya Estes, Annette M. Hazlett, Heather C. Marrus, Natasha Burrows, Catherine A. Donovan, Kevin Torres Gomez, Santiago Grzadzinski, Rebecca L. Parish-Morris, Julia Smith, Rachel Styner, Martin Garic, Dea Pandey, Juhi Lee, Chimei M. Schultz, Robert T. Botteron, Kelly N. Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie Piven, Joseph Dager, Stephen R. |
author_facet | St. John, Tanya Estes, Annette M. Hazlett, Heather C. Marrus, Natasha Burrows, Catherine A. Donovan, Kevin Torres Gomez, Santiago Grzadzinski, Rebecca L. Parish-Morris, Julia Smith, Rachel Styner, Martin Garic, Dea Pandey, Juhi Lee, Chimei M. Schultz, Robert T. Botteron, Kelly N. Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie Piven, Joseph Dager, Stephen R. |
author_sort | St. John, Tanya |
collection | PubMed |
description | IMPORTANCE: Children with autism and their siblings exhibit executive function (EF) deficits early in development, but associations between EF and biological sex or early brain alterations in this population are largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interaction of sex, autism likelihood group, and structural magnetic resonance imaging alterations on EF in 2-year-old children at high familial likelihood (HL) and low familial likelihood (LL) of autism, based on having an older sibling with autism or no family history of autism in first-degree relatives. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study assessed 165 toddlers at HL (n = 110) and LL (n = 55) of autism at 4 university-based research centers. Data were collected from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2013, and analyzed between August 2021 and June 2022 as part of the Infant Brain Imaging Study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Direct assessments of EF and acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging were performed to determine frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and total cerebral brain volume. RESULTS: A total of 165 toddlers (mean [SD] age, 24.61 [0.95] months; 90 [54%] male, 137 [83%] White) at HL for autism (n = 110; 17 diagnosed with ASD) and LL for autism (n = 55) were studied. The toddlers at HL for autism scored lower than the toddlers at LL for autism on EF tests regardless of sex (mean [SE] B = −8.77 [4.21]; 95% CI, −17.09 to −0.45; η(2)(p) = 0.03). With the exclusion of toddlers with autism, no group (HL vs LL) difference in EF was found in boys (mean [SE] difference, −7.18 [4.26]; 95% CI, 1.24-15.59), but EF was lower in HL girls than LL girls (mean [SE] difference, −9.75 [4.34]; 95% CI, −18.32 to −1.18). Brain-behavior associations were examined, controlling for overall cerebral volume and developmental level. Sex differences in EF-frontal (B [SE] = 16.51 [7.43]; 95% CI, 1.36-31.67; η(2)(p) = 0.14) and EF-parietal (B [SE] = 17.68 [6.99]; 95% CI, 3.43-31.94; η(2)(p) = 0.17) associations were found in the LL group but not the HL group (EF-frontal: B [SE] = −1.36 [3.87]; 95% CI, −9.07 to 6.35; η(2)(p) = 0.00; EF-parietal: B [SE] = −2.81 [4.09]; 95% CI, −10.96 to 5.34; η(2)(p) = 0.01). Autism likelihood group differences in EF-frontal (B [SE] = −9.93 [4.88]; 95% CI, −19.73 to −0.12; η(2)(p) = 0.08) and EF-parietal (B [SE] = −15.44 [5.18]; 95% CI, −25.86 to −5.02; η(2)(p) = 0.16) associations were found in girls not boys (EF-frontal: B [SE] = 6.51 [5.88]; 95% CI, −5.26 to 18.27; η(2)(p) = 0.02; EF-parietal: B [SE] = 4.18 [5.48]; 95% CI, −6.78 to 15.15; η(2)(p) = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This cohort study of toddlers at HL and LL of autism suggests that there is an association between sex and EF and that brain-behavior associations in EF may be altered in children at HL of autism. Furthermore, EF deficits may aggregate in families, particularly in girls. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10160873 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | American Medical Association |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101608732023-05-06 Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism St. John, Tanya Estes, Annette M. Hazlett, Heather C. Marrus, Natasha Burrows, Catherine A. Donovan, Kevin Torres Gomez, Santiago Grzadzinski, Rebecca L. Parish-Morris, Julia Smith, Rachel Styner, Martin Garic, Dea Pandey, Juhi Lee, Chimei M. Schultz, Robert T. Botteron, Kelly N. Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie Piven, Joseph Dager, Stephen R. JAMA Netw Open Original Investigation IMPORTANCE: Children with autism and their siblings exhibit executive function (EF) deficits early in development, but associations between EF and biological sex or early brain alterations in this population are largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interaction of sex, autism likelihood group, and structural magnetic resonance imaging alterations on EF in 2-year-old children at high familial likelihood (HL) and low familial likelihood (LL) of autism, based on having an older sibling with autism or no family history of autism in first-degree relatives. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study assessed 165 toddlers at HL (n = 110) and LL (n = 55) of autism at 4 university-based research centers. Data were collected from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2013, and analyzed between August 2021 and June 2022 as part of the Infant Brain Imaging Study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Direct assessments of EF and acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging were performed to determine frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and total cerebral brain volume. RESULTS: A total of 165 toddlers (mean [SD] age, 24.61 [0.95] months; 90 [54%] male, 137 [83%] White) at HL for autism (n = 110; 17 diagnosed with ASD) and LL for autism (n = 55) were studied. The toddlers at HL for autism scored lower than the toddlers at LL for autism on EF tests regardless of sex (mean [SE] B = −8.77 [4.21]; 95% CI, −17.09 to −0.45; η(2)(p) = 0.03). With the exclusion of toddlers with autism, no group (HL vs LL) difference in EF was found in boys (mean [SE] difference, −7.18 [4.26]; 95% CI, 1.24-15.59), but EF was lower in HL girls than LL girls (mean [SE] difference, −9.75 [4.34]; 95% CI, −18.32 to −1.18). Brain-behavior associations were examined, controlling for overall cerebral volume and developmental level. Sex differences in EF-frontal (B [SE] = 16.51 [7.43]; 95% CI, 1.36-31.67; η(2)(p) = 0.14) and EF-parietal (B [SE] = 17.68 [6.99]; 95% CI, 3.43-31.94; η(2)(p) = 0.17) associations were found in the LL group but not the HL group (EF-frontal: B [SE] = −1.36 [3.87]; 95% CI, −9.07 to 6.35; η(2)(p) = 0.00; EF-parietal: B [SE] = −2.81 [4.09]; 95% CI, −10.96 to 5.34; η(2)(p) = 0.01). Autism likelihood group differences in EF-frontal (B [SE] = −9.93 [4.88]; 95% CI, −19.73 to −0.12; η(2)(p) = 0.08) and EF-parietal (B [SE] = −15.44 [5.18]; 95% CI, −25.86 to −5.02; η(2)(p) = 0.16) associations were found in girls not boys (EF-frontal: B [SE] = 6.51 [5.88]; 95% CI, −5.26 to 18.27; η(2)(p) = 0.02; EF-parietal: B [SE] = 4.18 [5.48]; 95% CI, −6.78 to 15.15; η(2)(p) = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This cohort study of toddlers at HL and LL of autism suggests that there is an association between sex and EF and that brain-behavior associations in EF may be altered in children at HL of autism. Furthermore, EF deficits may aggregate in families, particularly in girls. American Medical Association 2023-05-04 /pmc/articles/PMC10160873/ /pubmed/37140923 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11543 Text en Copyright 2023 St. John T et al. JAMA Network Open. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. |
spellingShingle | Original Investigation St. John, Tanya Estes, Annette M. Hazlett, Heather C. Marrus, Natasha Burrows, Catherine A. Donovan, Kevin Torres Gomez, Santiago Grzadzinski, Rebecca L. Parish-Morris, Julia Smith, Rachel Styner, Martin Garic, Dea Pandey, Juhi Lee, Chimei M. Schultz, Robert T. Botteron, Kelly N. Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie Piven, Joseph Dager, Stephen R. Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism |
title | Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism |
title_full | Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism |
title_fullStr | Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism |
title_full_unstemmed | Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism |
title_short | Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism |
title_sort | association of sex with neurobehavioral markers of executive function in 2-year-olds at high and low likelihood of autism |
topic | Original Investigation |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10160873/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37140923 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11543 |
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