Gender differences among long-stay inpatients with schizophrenia in China: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the independent correlates of long-term hospitalization in a sample of Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia (SCZ) from a gender-based perspective. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out in a tertiary psychiatric hospital. All adult inpatients in this hospital were screened from January to March 2020, 251 of whom were identified as long-stay inpatients with SCZ (LSIS) and 224 as short-stay inpatients with SCZ (SSIS). Demographic and clinical information of the two groups was collected through medical records, scale assessments and interviews. Gender differences were analyzed, and independent correlates of long-stay between genders were explored by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Compared to SSIS, greater proportions of LSIS patients were male (64.1%), single (82.1%), unemployed (81.7%) and had no family caregivers (54.2%). For LSIS per se, proportionally more males were single (88.8%), had no family caregiver (65.8%), had concomitant physical disease (65.2%) and had a history of hazardous behavior (27.3%) than their female counterparts. For females, the top independent risk factors for a long stay included poor functioning (OR = 5.9, 95% CI: 2.9–12.0), older age (OR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.1–9.1) and being single (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.8–8.4). Similar to women, both older age (OR = 5.3, 95% CI: 2.5–11.2) and poor functioning (OR = 4.0, 95% CI: 2.1–7.9) were also independent factors for long-term hospitalization of male patients; however, having no family caregiver (OR = 10.2, 95% CI: 4.6–22.6) was the primary risk factor for men. CONCLUSIONS: Both clinical and nonclinical factors play important roles in long-term hospitalization in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. There are overlaps and distinctions across genders with respect to the independent factors of long stays. These findings provide clues for developing better service strategies for this population, and highlight the importance of paying attention to gender differences in further research in this field.