Hydroxychloroquine in children with proliferative lupus nephritis: a randomized clinical trial

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial agent used to treat mucocutaneous, musculoskeletal, constitutional manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study assessed the efficacy and side effects of HCQ in children with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN). This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial study was conducted on 60 children with proliferative LN classes III and IV treated with steroids and a mycophenolate (MMF) regimen. Patients were categorized into two groups, the HCQ group (n = 30) and the placebo group (n = 30). They were evaluated initially at 6- and a 12-month follow-up by mucocutaneous, ophthalmological examination, and investigations (BUN, creatinine, 24 h proteinuria, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, Antids-DNA, C3, C4). Disease activity was assessed using the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI-2 k). After 12 months, TG, cholesterol, 24 h proteinuria, Antids-DNA, and SLEDAI score were significantly decreased in the HCQ group (P: 0.002, 0.012, 0.031, 0.001, respectively). After 12 months, the cumulative probabilities of developing primary end-points (LN partial and complete remission) were 40% and 60% in the HCQ group versus 53.3% and 36.7% in the placebo group (P: 0.002). After 12 months, the HCQ group experienced mucocutaneous alopecia (3.3%), hyperpigmentation (10%), and ophthalmological mild retinal changes (6.7%), but they did not differ significantly from the placebo group. Cunclusion: HCQ improved the disease and LN activity in children with proliferative LN, with documented skin hyperpigmentation and mild retinal changes following HCQ use in a few cases. This study was registered on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ with trial registration number (TRN): NCT03687905, September 2018 “retrospectively registered.” SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00431-023-04837-0.