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Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey

This research work analyzes the relationship between environmental degradation, economic growth, trade openness, primary energy consumption, coal consumption, and hydroelectricity consumption in Turkey from 1971 to 2015 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) time series approach through the...

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Autores principales: Acaroğlu, Hakan, Kartal, Hatice Melissa, García Márquez, Fausto Pedro
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10167114/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36961642
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26278-w
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author Acaroğlu, Hakan
Kartal, Hatice Melissa
García Márquez, Fausto Pedro
author_facet Acaroğlu, Hakan
Kartal, Hatice Melissa
García Márquez, Fausto Pedro
author_sort Acaroğlu, Hakan
collection PubMed
description This research work analyzes the relationship between environmental degradation, economic growth, trade openness, primary energy consumption, coal consumption, and hydroelectricity consumption in Turkey from 1971 to 2015 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) time series approach through the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions and ecological footprint are both used as indicators of environmental degradation, which employs six different models. According to the results found in this study, while trade openness increases CO(2) emissions, it decreases ecological footprint in the long-run. Coal consumption raises both CO(2) emissions and ecological footprint. While hydroelectric energy reduces CO(2) emissions, it has no effect on the environment. The results demonstrate that the EKC hypothesis is correct for both CO(2) emissions and Turkey’s ecological footprint. The threshold points are investigated as $18,704, $16,361, and $13,571 in models, where CO(2) emissions are the dependent variable. In models where the ecological footprint is the dependent variable, the investigated threshold points of $11,824, $11,821, and $15,476 are higher than the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita during the analysis periods. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of renewable energy use in reducing environmental degradation and coal use in increasing environmental degradation. These findings can shed light on the importance of transition to renewable energy sources (i.e., hydroelectricity consumption), from fossil fuels (i.e., coal consumption), related to future planning in energy diversification for Turkey.
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spelling pubmed-101671142023-05-10 Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey Acaroğlu, Hakan Kartal, Hatice Melissa García Márquez, Fausto Pedro Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Research Article This research work analyzes the relationship between environmental degradation, economic growth, trade openness, primary energy consumption, coal consumption, and hydroelectricity consumption in Turkey from 1971 to 2015 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) time series approach through the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions and ecological footprint are both used as indicators of environmental degradation, which employs six different models. According to the results found in this study, while trade openness increases CO(2) emissions, it decreases ecological footprint in the long-run. Coal consumption raises both CO(2) emissions and ecological footprint. While hydroelectric energy reduces CO(2) emissions, it has no effect on the environment. The results demonstrate that the EKC hypothesis is correct for both CO(2) emissions and Turkey’s ecological footprint. The threshold points are investigated as $18,704, $16,361, and $13,571 in models, where CO(2) emissions are the dependent variable. In models where the ecological footprint is the dependent variable, the investigated threshold points of $11,824, $11,821, and $15,476 are higher than the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita during the analysis periods. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of renewable energy use in reducing environmental degradation and coal use in increasing environmental degradation. These findings can shed light on the importance of transition to renewable energy sources (i.e., hydroelectricity consumption), from fossil fuels (i.e., coal consumption), related to future planning in energy diversification for Turkey. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2023-03-24 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC10167114/ /pubmed/36961642 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26278-w Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Research Article
Acaroğlu, Hakan
Kartal, Hatice Melissa
García Márquez, Fausto Pedro
Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey
title Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey
title_full Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey
title_fullStr Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey
title_full_unstemmed Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey
title_short Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO(2) emissions through energy diversification for Turkey
title_sort testing the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and co(2) emissions through energy diversification for turkey
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10167114/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36961642
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26278-w
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