Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Bis-Imidazolium and Imidazolium-Functionalized Poly(phenylene oxide) for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications

[Image: see text] Although the Nafion membrane has a high energy efficiency, long service life, and operational flexibility when applied for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) applications, its applications are limited due to its high vanadium permeability. In this study, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) with imidazolium and bis-imidazolium cations were prepared and used in VRFBs. PPO with long-pendant alkyl-side-chain bis-imidazolium cations (BImPPO) exhibits higher conductivity than the imidazolium-functionalized PPO with short chains (ImPPO). ImPPO and BImPPO have a lower vanadium permeability (3.2 × 10(–9) and 2.9 × 10(–9) cm(2) s(–1)) than Nafion 212 (8.8 × 10(–9) cm(2) s(–1)) because the imidazolium cations are susceptible to the Donnan effect. Furthermore, under the current density of 140 mA cm(–2), the VRFBs assembled with ImPPO- and BImPPO-based AEMs exhibited a Coulombic efficiency of 98.5% and 99.8%, respectively, both of which were higher than that of the Nafion212 membrane (95.8%). Bis-imidazolium cations with long-pendant alkyl side chains contribute to hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation in the membranes, thus improving the conductivity of membranes and the performance of VRFBs. The VRFB assembled with BImPPO exhibited a higher voltage efficiency (83.5%) at 140 mA cm(–2) than that of ImPPO (77.2%). These results of the present study suggest that the BImPPO membranes are suitable for VRFB applications.