Recent Advances in Extended Producer Responsibility Initiatives for Plastic Waste Management in Germany and UK

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) initiatives have shown success in enhancing the independent collection of plastic waste, but the existing recycling industry framework poses challenges to achieving optimal recyclability levels. For addressing this issue, various legislative strategies, including non-profit EPR, door-to-door collection systems, and deposit refund schemes (DRS), have been implemented in some countries such as the UK and Germany. As plastic waste management responsibility is shared between consumers and producers in Europe, with consumers generating 40% of plastic waste and producers being responsible for the remaining 60%, this review examines the impact of EPR and DRS programs on consumer and producer behaviors. The article also explores the potential for circularity and sustainability of recycling technologies, including their challenges and limitations. The significance of this study lies in its examination of the impact of EPR and DRS programs on consumer and producer behaviors, providing insight into sustainable practices that promote waste minimization and foster the adoption of recycling methods. Ultimately, the review recommends quick action in four crucial areas, including standardization, infrastructure investment, partnership models, and the production of higher-value recycled materials, all of which require supply chain collaboration.