The Membrane Protein Sortilin Is a Potential Biomarker and Target for Glioblastoma

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal adult primary brain tumor, and has no cure. This study investigated the membrane protein sortilin as a prognosis biomarker for glioblastoma (GBM). We found that sortilin is overexpressed in GBM tumors and can be detected in the blood of GBM patients. In addition, in cell cultures, targeting sortilin resulted in the inhibition of GBM cell invasion. These data highlight the value of sortilin as a potential clinical biomarker and therapeutic target for GBM and warrant further translational investigation. ABSTRACT: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating brain cancer with no effective treatment, and there is an urgent need for developing innovative biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for better management of the disease. The membrane protein sortilin has recently been shown to participate in tumor cell invasiveness in several cancers, but its involvement and clinical relevance in GBM is unclear. In the present study, we explored the expression of sortilin and its potential as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target for GBM. Sortilin expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and digital quantification in a series of 71 clinical cases of invasive GBM vs. 20 non-invasive gliomas. Sortilin was overexpressed in GBM and, importantly, higher expression levels were associated with worse patient survival, pointing to sortilin tissue expression as a potential prognostic biomarker for GBM. Sortilin was also detectable in the plasma of GBM patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but no differences were observed between sortilin levels in the blood of GBM vs. glioma patients. In vitro, sortilin was detected in 11 brain-cancer-patient-derived cell lines at the anticipated molecular weight of 100 kDa. Interestingly, targeting sortilin with the orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor AF38469 resulted in decreased GBM invasiveness, but cancer cell proliferation was not affected, showing that sortilin is targetable in GBM. Together, these data suggest the clinical relevance for sortilin in GBM and support further investigation of GBM as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target.