Insights into the Human Microbiome and Its Connections with Prostate Cancer

SIMPLE SUMMARY: In recent years, numerous research studies have been conducted to investigate the microorganisms encountered in various systems of the human body and their implications for cancer development and progression. This review offers a concise description of the bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other agents that colonize different human body sites and organs together with their involvement in the physiological processes related to prostate carcinogenesis. Moreover, this article provides valuable information regarding the connection between the microbiome and prostate cancer by presenting some therapeutical insights that target the microbiota. ABSTRACT: The human microbiome represents the diversity of microorganisms that live together at different organ sites, influencing various physiological processes and leading to pathological conditions, even carcinogenesis, in case of a chronic imbalance. Additionally, the link between organ-specific microbiota and cancer has attracted the interest of numerous studies and projects. In this review article, we address the important aspects regarding the role of gut, prostate, urinary and reproductive system, skin, and oral cavity colonizing microorganisms in prostate cancer development. Various bacteria, fungi, virus species, and other relevant agents with major implications in cancer occurrence and progression are also described. Some of them are assessed based on their values of prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers, while others are presented for their anti-cancer properties.