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Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epith...

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Autores principales: Fux, Alexandra C., Casonato Melo, Cristiane, Michelini, Sara, Swartzwelter, Benjamin J., Neusch, Andreas, Italiani, Paola, Himly, Martin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10179214/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37176105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098395
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author Fux, Alexandra C.
Casonato Melo, Cristiane
Michelini, Sara
Swartzwelter, Benjamin J.
Neusch, Andreas
Italiani, Paola
Himly, Martin
author_facet Fux, Alexandra C.
Casonato Melo, Cristiane
Michelini, Sara
Swartzwelter, Benjamin J.
Neusch, Andreas
Italiani, Paola
Himly, Martin
author_sort Fux, Alexandra C.
collection PubMed
description Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
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spelling pubmed-101792142023-05-13 Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy Fux, Alexandra C. Casonato Melo, Cristiane Michelini, Sara Swartzwelter, Benjamin J. Neusch, Andreas Italiani, Paola Himly, Martin Int J Mol Sci Review Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules. MDPI 2023-05-07 /pmc/articles/PMC10179214/ /pubmed/37176105 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098395 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Fux, Alexandra C.
Casonato Melo, Cristiane
Michelini, Sara
Swartzwelter, Benjamin J.
Neusch, Andreas
Italiani, Paola
Himly, Martin
Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy
title Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy
title_full Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy
title_fullStr Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy
title_full_unstemmed Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy
title_short Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy
title_sort heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharide as source of variability in bioassays and lps-binding proteins as remedy
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10179214/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37176105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098395
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