Hydrophobic Flocculation of Fine Cassiterite Using Alkyl Hydroxamic Acids with Different Carbon Chain Lengths as Collectors

This work investigated the hydrophobic flocculation of cassiterite using four alkyl hydroxamic acids with varying carbon chain lengths, i.e., hexyl hydroxamate (C(6)), octyl hydroxamate (C(8)), decyl hydroxamate (C(10)) and dodecyl hydroxamate (C(12)), as collectors. Microflotation tests were performed to investigate the flotation behaviour of cassiterite in the presence of the four alkyl hydroxamic acids. Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and a particle video microscope (PVM) were used to analyse and monitor the real-time evolution of the particle size distribution of cassiterite and the images of flocs during flocculation. The extended DLVO theory interaction energies between the cassiterite particles were calculated on the basis of the measured contact angle and the zeta potential of cassiterite to determine the aggregation and dispersion behaviour of the cassiterite particles. The microflotation test results suggested that the floatability of cassiterite improved with the increase in the carbon chain length of hydroxamates. FBRM, PVM images and extended DLVO theory calculation results indicated that when C(6) was used as the collector, the cassiterite particles could not form hydrophobic flocs because the total potential energy between them was repulsive. When C(8), C(10) and C(12) were used as collectors, the energy barrier amongst particles decreased with increasing hydroxamate concentration. The lowest concentrations of C(8), C(10) and C(12) that could cause the hydrophobic aggregation of cassiterite were approximately 1 × 10(−3), 1 × 10(−4) and 2 × 10(−5) mol/L, respectively. The aggregation growth rate and apparent floc size increased with an increasing collector concentration. Hydroxamic acid with a longer carbon chain could induce the cassiterite particles to form larger flocs at a lower concentration in a shorter time.