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Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees

The weather variations around the world are already having a profound impact on agricultural production. This impacts apple production and the quality of the product. Through agricultural precision, growers attempt to optimize both yield and fruit size and quality. Two experiments were conducted usi...

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Autores principales: Gonzalez Nieto, Luis, Huber, Annika, Gao, Rui, Biasuz, Erica Casagrande, Cheng, Lailiang, Stroock, Abraham D., Lakso, Alan N., Robinson, Terence L.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10180701/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37176971
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12091912
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author Gonzalez Nieto, Luis
Huber, Annika
Gao, Rui
Biasuz, Erica Casagrande
Cheng, Lailiang
Stroock, Abraham D.
Lakso, Alan N.
Robinson, Terence L.
author_facet Gonzalez Nieto, Luis
Huber, Annika
Gao, Rui
Biasuz, Erica Casagrande
Cheng, Lailiang
Stroock, Abraham D.
Lakso, Alan N.
Robinson, Terence L.
author_sort Gonzalez Nieto, Luis
collection PubMed
description The weather variations around the world are already having a profound impact on agricultural production. This impacts apple production and the quality of the product. Through agricultural precision, growers attempt to optimize both yield and fruit size and quality. Two experiments were conducted using field-grown “Gala” apple trees in Geneva, NY, USA, in 2021 and 2022. Mature apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Ultima “Gala”) grafted onto G.11 rootstock planted in 2015 were used for the experiment. Our goal was to establish a relationship between stem water potential (Ψ(trunk)), which was continuously measured using microtensiometers, and the growth rate of apple fruits, measured continuously using dendrometers throughout the growing season. The second objective was to develop thresholds for Ψ(trunk) to determine when to irrigate apple trees. The economic impacts of different irrigation regimes were evaluated. Three different water regimes were compared (full irrigation, rainfed and rain exclusion to induce water stress). Trees subjected the rain-exclusion treatment were not irrigated during the whole season, except in the spring (April and May; 126 mm in 2021 and 100 mm in 2022); that is, these trees did not receive water during June, July, August and half of September. Trees subjected to the rainfed treatment received only rainwater (515 mm in 2021 and 382 mm in 2022). The fully irrigated trees received rain but were also irrigated by drip irrigation (515 mm in 2021 and 565 mm in 2022). Moreover, all trees received the same amount of water out of season in autumn and winter (245 mm in 2021 and 283 mm in 2022). The microtensiometer sensors detected differences in Ψ(trunk) among our treatments over the entire growing season. In both years, experimental trees with the same trunk cross-section area (TCSA) were selected (23–25 cm(−2) TCSA), and crop load was adjusted to 7 fruits·cm(−2) TCSA in 2021 and 8.5 fruits·cm(−2) TCSA in 2022. However, the irrigated trees showed the highest fruit growth rates and final fruit weight (157 g and 70 mm), followed by the rainfed only treatment (132 g and 66 mm), while the rain-exclusion treatment had the lowest fruit growth rate and final fruit size (107 g and 61 mm). The hourly fruit shrinking and swelling rate (mm·h(−1)) measured with dendrometers and the hourly Ψ(trunk) (bar) measured with microtensiometers were correlated. We developed a logistic model to correlate Ψ(trunk) and fruit growth rate (g·h(−1)), which suggested a critical value of −9.7 bars for Ψ(trunk), above which there were no negative effects on fruit growth rate due to water stress in the relatively humid conditions of New York State. A support vector machine model and a multiple regression model were developed to predict daytime hourly Ψ(trunk) with radiation and VPD as input variables. Yield and fruit size were converted to crop value, which showed that managing water stress with irrigation during dry periods improved crop value in the humid climate of New York State.
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spelling pubmed-101807012023-05-13 Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees Gonzalez Nieto, Luis Huber, Annika Gao, Rui Biasuz, Erica Casagrande Cheng, Lailiang Stroock, Abraham D. Lakso, Alan N. Robinson, Terence L. Plants (Basel) Article The weather variations around the world are already having a profound impact on agricultural production. This impacts apple production and the quality of the product. Through agricultural precision, growers attempt to optimize both yield and fruit size and quality. Two experiments were conducted using field-grown “Gala” apple trees in Geneva, NY, USA, in 2021 and 2022. Mature apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Ultima “Gala”) grafted onto G.11 rootstock planted in 2015 were used for the experiment. Our goal was to establish a relationship between stem water potential (Ψ(trunk)), which was continuously measured using microtensiometers, and the growth rate of apple fruits, measured continuously using dendrometers throughout the growing season. The second objective was to develop thresholds for Ψ(trunk) to determine when to irrigate apple trees. The economic impacts of different irrigation regimes were evaluated. Three different water regimes were compared (full irrigation, rainfed and rain exclusion to induce water stress). Trees subjected the rain-exclusion treatment were not irrigated during the whole season, except in the spring (April and May; 126 mm in 2021 and 100 mm in 2022); that is, these trees did not receive water during June, July, August and half of September. Trees subjected to the rainfed treatment received only rainwater (515 mm in 2021 and 382 mm in 2022). The fully irrigated trees received rain but were also irrigated by drip irrigation (515 mm in 2021 and 565 mm in 2022). Moreover, all trees received the same amount of water out of season in autumn and winter (245 mm in 2021 and 283 mm in 2022). The microtensiometer sensors detected differences in Ψ(trunk) among our treatments over the entire growing season. In both years, experimental trees with the same trunk cross-section area (TCSA) were selected (23–25 cm(−2) TCSA), and crop load was adjusted to 7 fruits·cm(−2) TCSA in 2021 and 8.5 fruits·cm(−2) TCSA in 2022. However, the irrigated trees showed the highest fruit growth rates and final fruit weight (157 g and 70 mm), followed by the rainfed only treatment (132 g and 66 mm), while the rain-exclusion treatment had the lowest fruit growth rate and final fruit size (107 g and 61 mm). The hourly fruit shrinking and swelling rate (mm·h(−1)) measured with dendrometers and the hourly Ψ(trunk) (bar) measured with microtensiometers were correlated. We developed a logistic model to correlate Ψ(trunk) and fruit growth rate (g·h(−1)), which suggested a critical value of −9.7 bars for Ψ(trunk), above which there were no negative effects on fruit growth rate due to water stress in the relatively humid conditions of New York State. A support vector machine model and a multiple regression model were developed to predict daytime hourly Ψ(trunk) with radiation and VPD as input variables. Yield and fruit size were converted to crop value, which showed that managing water stress with irrigation during dry periods improved crop value in the humid climate of New York State. MDPI 2023-05-08 /pmc/articles/PMC10180701/ /pubmed/37176971 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12091912 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Gonzalez Nieto, Luis
Huber, Annika
Gao, Rui
Biasuz, Erica Casagrande
Cheng, Lailiang
Stroock, Abraham D.
Lakso, Alan N.
Robinson, Terence L.
Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees
title Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees
title_full Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees
title_fullStr Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees
title_full_unstemmed Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees
title_short Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees
title_sort trunk water potential measured with microtensiometers for managing water stress in “gala” apple trees
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10180701/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37176971
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12091912
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