Intramuscular aponeuroses and fiber bundle morphology of the five bellies of flexor digitorum superficialis: A three‐dimensional modeling study

Restoring balanced function of the five bellies of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) following injury requires knowledge of the muscle architecture and the arrangement of the contractile and connective tissue elements. No three‐dimensional (3D) studies of FDS architecture were found in the literature. The purpose was to (1) digitize/model in 3D the contractile/connective tissue elements of FDS, (2) quantify/compare architectural parameters of the bellies and (3) assess functional implications. The fiber bundles (FBs)/aponeuroses of the bellies of FDS were dissected and digitized (MicroScribe® Digitizer) in 10 embalmed specimens. Data were used to construct 3D models of FDS to determine/compare the morphology of each digital belly and quantify architectural parameters to assess functional implications. FDS consists of five morphologically and architecturally distinct bellies, a proximal belly, and four digital bellies. FBs of each belly have unique attachment sites to one or more of the three aponeuroses (proximal/distal/median). The proximal belly is connected through the median aponeurosis to the bellies of the second and fifth digits. The third belly exhibited the longest mean FB length (72.84 ± 16.26 mm) and the proximal belly the shortest (30.49 ± 6.45 mm). The third belly also had the greatest mean physiological cross‐sectional area, followed by proximal/second/fourth/fifth. Each belly was found to have distinct excursion and force‐generating capabilities based on their 3D morphology and architectural parameters. Results of this study provide the basis for the development of in vivo ultrasound protocols to study activation patterns of FDS during functional activities in normal and pathologic states.