A Comparison of Diagnostic Criteria for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients

INTRODUCTION: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a common infection in intensive care units (ICUs). There are no consensus criteria for defining IPA in the ICU. We aimed to compare the diagnosis and prognosis performances of three criteria (the 2020 EORTC/MSG criteria, the 2021 EORTC/MSG ICU criteria, the modified AspICU criteria (M-AspICU)) for IPA in the ICU. METHODS: In this retrospective study from our single center, we applied the three different criteria for IPA in patients with suspected pneumonia and undergoing at least one mycological test between November 10, 2016 and November 10, 2021. We compared the diagnosis agreement and prognosis performances of these three criteria in the ICU. RESULTS: Overall, 2403 patients were included. The rates of IPA according to the 2020 EORTC/MSG, 2021 EORTC/MSG ICU, and M-AspICU were 3.37%, 6.53%, and 23.10%, respectively. Diagnostic agreement among these criteria was poor (Cohen’s kappa 0.208–0.666). IPA diagnosed by either the 2020 EORTC/MSG (odds ratio = 2.709, P < 0.001) or the 2021 EORTC/MSG ICU (odds ratio = 2.086, P = 0.001) criteria was independently associated with 28-day mortality. IPA diagnosed by M-AspICU is an independent risk factor of 28-day mortality (odds ratio = 1.431, P = 0.031) when excluding patients who fulfilled neither host criteria nor radiological factors of 2021 EORTC/MSG ICU. CONCLUSIONS: Although M-AspICU criteria have the highest “sensitivity”, IPA diagnosed by M-AspICU was not an independent risk factor of 28-day mortality. Caution is required when using the M-AspICU criteria in ICU, especially in patients with non-specific infiltration and non-classical host factors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-023-00818-w.