Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Organic Matter Enrichment of the Upper Permian Longtan Formation Black Shale in Southern Anhui Province, South China

[Image: see text] Although previous studies have yielded valuable insights into shale gas reservoirs, a comprehensive understanding of the organic geochemical characteristics and organic matter enrichment of marine–continental transitional shale has yet to be achieved. The Longtan Formation transitional shales were extensively deposited in Southern Anhui Province, South China, during the Late Permian. Our analysis of twenty-two rock samples from one core (Gangdi-1 well) and two outcrops (Daoshanchong outcrop and Changqiao outcrop) revealed that the Longtan Formation shale extracts exhibit a wide range of C(11)–C(35)n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids, with unimodal, bimodal, and multimodal distributions. The carbon peak ranges from nC(15) to nC(24), with high quantities of medium-chain n-alkanes (nC(22)–nC(25)), indicating that the organic matter in Longtan Formation shale originates from a mixed source of higher plant debris and lower aquatic organisms. Our conclusion is supported by the ternary diagram of C(27)–C(28)–C(29) regular steranes and the variations of the δ(13)C values of C(15)–C(32)n-alkanes, which is higher than the corresponding value (<1.6‰) of n-alkanes from a single source. Furthermore, thermal maturity proxies based on organic petrography (R(o) and T(max)) and biomarkers, such as the ratios of C(31) 22S/(22S + 22R), C(29) 20S/(20S + 20R), and C(29) ββ/(αα + ββ), suggest that organic matter is in a mature stage of hydrocarbon generation. By analyzing the Pr/Ph ratio and pyrite morphology combined with a plot of total organic carbon (TOC) versus total sulfur (TS) and the Pr/nC(17)–Ph/nC(18) diagram, we speculate that the Longtan Formation shales were chiefly developed in a dysoxic-to-oxic water environment. Finally, we establish depositional models of organic matter enrichment in deltaic and tidal flat-lagoon environments, emphasizing that the abundant mixed-sourced organic matter can significantly enhance primary productivity, and a higher sedimentation rate can distinctly shorten organic matter exposure time in the oxidized water environment, thereby promoting organic matter accumulation in such a setting.