Cargando…
Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19
BACKGROUND: Most countries around the world enforced non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19. Italy was one of the first countries to be affected by the pandemic, imposing a hard lockdown, in the first epidemic wave. During the second wave, the country implemented progressively restrictive...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10195658/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37202734 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15846-x |
_version_ | 1785044181551415296 |
---|---|
author | Tizzani, Michele De Gaetano, Alessandro Jarvis, Christopher I. Gimma, Amy Wong, Kerry Edmunds, W John Beutels, Philippe Hens, Niel Coletti, Pietro Paolotti, Daniela |
author_facet | Tizzani, Michele De Gaetano, Alessandro Jarvis, Christopher I. Gimma, Amy Wong, Kerry Edmunds, W John Beutels, Philippe Hens, Niel Coletti, Pietro Paolotti, Daniela |
author_sort | Tizzani, Michele |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Most countries around the world enforced non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19. Italy was one of the first countries to be affected by the pandemic, imposing a hard lockdown, in the first epidemic wave. During the second wave, the country implemented progressively restrictive tiers at the regional level according to weekly epidemiological risk assessments. This paper quantifies the impact of these restrictions on contacts and on the reproduction number. METHODS: Representative (with respect to age, sex, and region of residence) longitudinal surveys of the Italian population were undertaken during the second epidemic wave. Epidemiologically relevant contact patterns were measured and compared with pre-pandemic levels and according to the level of interventions experienced by the participants. Contact matrices were used to quantify the reduction in the number of contacts by age group and contact setting. The reproduction number was estimated to evaluate the impact of restrictions on the spread of COVID-19. RESULTS: The comparison with the pre-pandemic baseline shows a significant decrease in the number of contacts, independently from the age group or contact settings. This decrease in the number of contacts significantly depends on the strictness of the non-pharmaceutical interventions. For all levels of strictness considered, the reduction in social mixing results in a reproduction number smaller than one. In particular, the impact of the restriction on the number of contacts decreases with the severity of the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The progressive restriction tiers implemented in Italy reduced the reproduction number, with stricter interventions associated with higher reductions. Readily collected contact data can inform the implementation of mitigation measures at the national level in epidemic emergencies to come. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-023-15846-x. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10195658 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101956582023-05-20 Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19 Tizzani, Michele De Gaetano, Alessandro Jarvis, Christopher I. Gimma, Amy Wong, Kerry Edmunds, W John Beutels, Philippe Hens, Niel Coletti, Pietro Paolotti, Daniela BMC Public Health Research Article BACKGROUND: Most countries around the world enforced non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19. Italy was one of the first countries to be affected by the pandemic, imposing a hard lockdown, in the first epidemic wave. During the second wave, the country implemented progressively restrictive tiers at the regional level according to weekly epidemiological risk assessments. This paper quantifies the impact of these restrictions on contacts and on the reproduction number. METHODS: Representative (with respect to age, sex, and region of residence) longitudinal surveys of the Italian population were undertaken during the second epidemic wave. Epidemiologically relevant contact patterns were measured and compared with pre-pandemic levels and according to the level of interventions experienced by the participants. Contact matrices were used to quantify the reduction in the number of contacts by age group and contact setting. The reproduction number was estimated to evaluate the impact of restrictions on the spread of COVID-19. RESULTS: The comparison with the pre-pandemic baseline shows a significant decrease in the number of contacts, independently from the age group or contact settings. This decrease in the number of contacts significantly depends on the strictness of the non-pharmaceutical interventions. For all levels of strictness considered, the reduction in social mixing results in a reproduction number smaller than one. In particular, the impact of the restriction on the number of contacts decreases with the severity of the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The progressive restriction tiers implemented in Italy reduced the reproduction number, with stricter interventions associated with higher reductions. Readily collected contact data can inform the implementation of mitigation measures at the national level in epidemic emergencies to come. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-023-15846-x. BioMed Central 2023-05-19 /pmc/articles/PMC10195658/ /pubmed/37202734 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15846-x Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Tizzani, Michele De Gaetano, Alessandro Jarvis, Christopher I. Gimma, Amy Wong, Kerry Edmunds, W John Beutels, Philippe Hens, Niel Coletti, Pietro Paolotti, Daniela Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19 |
title | Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19 |
title_full | Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19 |
title_fullStr | Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19 |
title_full_unstemmed | Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19 |
title_short | Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19 |
title_sort | impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in italy during the second wave of covid-19 |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10195658/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37202734 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15846-x |
work_keys_str_mv | AT tizzanimichele impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT degaetanoalessandro impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT jarvischristopheri impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT gimmaamy impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT wongkerry impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT edmundswjohn impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT beutelsphilippe impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT hensniel impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT colettipietro impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 AT paolottidaniela impactoftieredmeasuresonsocialcontactandmixingpatternsofinitalyduringthesecondwaveofcovid19 |