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Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa

Garri from cassava is one of the most consumed foods in West Africa, hence this research was conducted to examine microplastics (MPs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri from Nigeria (West Africa) and Japan. This is the first investigation on MPs in garri samples that has been reported in...

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Autores principales: Enyoh, Christian Ebere, Wang, Qingyue, Rabin, Mominul Haque, Bakare, Rasheed Oluwafemi, Dadiel, Joseph Longji, Shangrong, Wu, Lu, Senlin, Ilechukwu, Ifenna
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology & Korea Society for Environmental Analysis 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10195672/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37100400
http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2023005
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author Enyoh, Christian Ebere
Wang, Qingyue
Rabin, Mominul Haque
Bakare, Rasheed Oluwafemi
Dadiel, Joseph Longji
Shangrong, Wu
Lu, Senlin
Ilechukwu, Ifenna
author_facet Enyoh, Christian Ebere
Wang, Qingyue
Rabin, Mominul Haque
Bakare, Rasheed Oluwafemi
Dadiel, Joseph Longji
Shangrong, Wu
Lu, Senlin
Ilechukwu, Ifenna
author_sort Enyoh, Christian Ebere
collection PubMed
description Garri from cassava is one of the most consumed foods in West Africa, hence this research was conducted to examine microplastics (MPs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri from Nigeria (West Africa) and Japan. This is the first investigation on MPs in garri samples that has been reported in the literature. The study analyzed both packaged and unpackaged vended garri samples using microscopic/spectroscopic and X-ray fluorescence techniques for MPs and PTEs respectively. Microplastic particles in the garri samples ranged from (or were between) 2.00±2.00 – 175.00±25.16 particles/50 with > 90 % as fragments and consisted of polyacrylamide, polyethylene terepthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride acrylonitrile, polyethylene chlorinated, polypropylene with silicate mix, polychloroprene and polyethylene chlorosulphonated. The mean concentration of PTEs raged from ND to 0.07 mg/g for Cr and Mn, 0.73 to 5.63 mg/g for Fe, ND to 0.57mg/g for Co, 0.23 to 1.21 mg/g for Ni, 0.15 to 1.53 mg/g for Cu, and 0.12 to 0.63 mg/g for Zn. However, their daily intake was low for both adult and children as with the MPs. The sources of MPs and PTEs were mainly from the garri production processes, atmospheric dusts and during packaging. The non-carcinogenic risk for all samples was low for MPs while in openly vended garri, Ni and Cr in all sample poses carcinogenic risks. There is a need to improve indigenous garri processing techniques to minimize contamination. This research emphasizes the critical necessity to understand the consequences of MPs on human health.
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spelling pubmed-101956722023-05-20 Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa Enyoh, Christian Ebere Wang, Qingyue Rabin, Mominul Haque Bakare, Rasheed Oluwafemi Dadiel, Joseph Longji Shangrong, Wu Lu, Senlin Ilechukwu, Ifenna Environ Anal Health Toxicol Original Article Garri from cassava is one of the most consumed foods in West Africa, hence this research was conducted to examine microplastics (MPs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri from Nigeria (West Africa) and Japan. This is the first investigation on MPs in garri samples that has been reported in the literature. The study analyzed both packaged and unpackaged vended garri samples using microscopic/spectroscopic and X-ray fluorescence techniques for MPs and PTEs respectively. Microplastic particles in the garri samples ranged from (or were between) 2.00±2.00 – 175.00±25.16 particles/50 with > 90 % as fragments and consisted of polyacrylamide, polyethylene terepthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride acrylonitrile, polyethylene chlorinated, polypropylene with silicate mix, polychloroprene and polyethylene chlorosulphonated. The mean concentration of PTEs raged from ND to 0.07 mg/g for Cr and Mn, 0.73 to 5.63 mg/g for Fe, ND to 0.57mg/g for Co, 0.23 to 1.21 mg/g for Ni, 0.15 to 1.53 mg/g for Cu, and 0.12 to 0.63 mg/g for Zn. However, their daily intake was low for both adult and children as with the MPs. The sources of MPs and PTEs were mainly from the garri production processes, atmospheric dusts and during packaging. The non-carcinogenic risk for all samples was low for MPs while in openly vended garri, Ni and Cr in all sample poses carcinogenic risks. There is a need to improve indigenous garri processing techniques to minimize contamination. This research emphasizes the critical necessity to understand the consequences of MPs on human health. The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology & Korea Society for Environmental Analysis 2023-03-20 /pmc/articles/PMC10195672/ /pubmed/37100400 http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2023005 Text en Copyright © 2023 The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology/Korea Society for Environmental Analysis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Original Article
Enyoh, Christian Ebere
Wang, Qingyue
Rabin, Mominul Haque
Bakare, Rasheed Oluwafemi
Dadiel, Joseph Longji
Shangrong, Wu
Lu, Senlin
Ilechukwu, Ifenna
Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa
title Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa
title_full Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa
title_fullStr Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa
title_full_unstemmed Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa
title_short Preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in West Africa
title_sort preliminary characterization and probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (ptes) in garri (cassava flake), a common staple food consumed in west africa
topic Original Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10195672/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37100400
http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2023005
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