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Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction

Fetal growth restriction (FGR), or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a complication of pregnancy where the fetus does not achieve its genetic growth potential. FGR is characterized by a pathological retardation of intrauterine growth velocity in the curve of intrauterine growth. However, th...

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Autores principales: D'Agostin, Martina, Di Sipio Morgia, Chiara, Vento, Giovanni, Nobile, Stefano
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10198075/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37215406
http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i13.2855
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author D'Agostin, Martina
Di Sipio Morgia, Chiara
Vento, Giovanni
Nobile, Stefano
author_facet D'Agostin, Martina
Di Sipio Morgia, Chiara
Vento, Giovanni
Nobile, Stefano
author_sort D'Agostin, Martina
collection PubMed
description Fetal growth restriction (FGR), or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a complication of pregnancy where the fetus does not achieve its genetic growth potential. FGR is characterized by a pathological retardation of intrauterine growth velocity in the curve of intrauterine growth. However, the FGR definition is still debated, and there is a lack of a uniform definition in the literature. True IUGR, compared to constitutional smallness, is a pathological condition in which the placenta fails to deliver an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. Infants with IUGR, compared to appropriately grown gestational age infants, have a significantly higher risk of mortality and neonatal complications with long-term consequences. Several studies have demonstrated how suboptimal fetal growth leads to long-lasting physiological alterations for the developing fetus as well as for the newborn and adult in the future. The long-term effects of fetal growth retardation may be adaptations to poor oxygen and nutrient supply that are effective in the fetal period but deleterious in the long term through structural or functional alterations. Epidemiologic studies showed that FGR could be a contributing factor for adult chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, respiratory diseases and impaired lung function, and chronic kidney disease. In this review we discussed pathophysiologic mechanisms of FGR-related complications and potential preventive measures for FGR.
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spelling pubmed-101980752023-05-20 Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction D'Agostin, Martina Di Sipio Morgia, Chiara Vento, Giovanni Nobile, Stefano World J Clin Cases Opinion Review Fetal growth restriction (FGR), or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a complication of pregnancy where the fetus does not achieve its genetic growth potential. FGR is characterized by a pathological retardation of intrauterine growth velocity in the curve of intrauterine growth. However, the FGR definition is still debated, and there is a lack of a uniform definition in the literature. True IUGR, compared to constitutional smallness, is a pathological condition in which the placenta fails to deliver an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. Infants with IUGR, compared to appropriately grown gestational age infants, have a significantly higher risk of mortality and neonatal complications with long-term consequences. Several studies have demonstrated how suboptimal fetal growth leads to long-lasting physiological alterations for the developing fetus as well as for the newborn and adult in the future. The long-term effects of fetal growth retardation may be adaptations to poor oxygen and nutrient supply that are effective in the fetal period but deleterious in the long term through structural or functional alterations. Epidemiologic studies showed that FGR could be a contributing factor for adult chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, respiratory diseases and impaired lung function, and chronic kidney disease. In this review we discussed pathophysiologic mechanisms of FGR-related complications and potential preventive measures for FGR. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 2023-05-06 2023-05-06 /pmc/articles/PMC10198075/ /pubmed/37215406 http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i13.2855 Text en ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.
spellingShingle Opinion Review
D'Agostin, Martina
Di Sipio Morgia, Chiara
Vento, Giovanni
Nobile, Stefano
Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction
title Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction
title_full Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction
title_fullStr Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction
title_full_unstemmed Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction
title_short Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction
title_sort long-term implications of fetal growth restriction
topic Opinion Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10198075/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37215406
http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i13.2855
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