Clinico-Pathological and Radiological Spectrum of Mediastinal Masses in a Tertiary Care Center: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction The phrase “mediastinal mass” refers to a mass within the mediastinum. About 50% of all mediastinal masses, including teratoma, thymoma, lymphoma, and thyroid illness, are anterior mediastinal tumors. Data on the mediastinal mass in India are relatively sparse, especially in this region, compared to those from other countries. Mediastinal masses are very infrequent lesions that might occasionally present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the doctor. The current study describes the socio-demographic characteristics, symptoms, diagnosis, and location of mediastinal mass among the study participants. Methodology We carried out a retrospective, cross-sectional study in a tertiary care center in Chennai for three years. We included patients with an age above 16 years who visited the tertiary care center in Chennai during the study period. We included all patients with a mediastinal mass diagnosed by CT scan, with or without signs and symptoms of mediastinal compression. Patients under the age of 16 and those with insufficient data were both excluded from the study. As per the universal sampling technique, we included all the patients who met the eligibility criteria during the study period (three years) as study subjects. By using the hospital records, we collected all data about the patients like socio-demographic data, presenting complaints, past history, x-ray findings, and co-morbidities. Similarly, we recorded blood parameters, pleural fluid parameters, and histopathological reports from the laboratory register. Results The mean age of the study participants was 41.11 years, with a high proportion of patients belonging to the age group of 21 to 30 years. Over 70% of the study participants were male. Only about 54.5% of the study participants had symptoms because of a mediastinal mass. The most common local symptom felt by the patients was dyspnea, followed by a dry cough. Weight loss was the most common symptom for the patients. Most study participants (47.7%) had seen a doctor within one month of the onset of symptoms. About 4.5% of the patients had pleural effusion, as diagnosed by x-ray. Most of the study participants had a mass in the anterior mediastinum, followed by the posterior mediastinum. Most of the participants (15.9%) had non-caseating granulomatous inflammation suggestive of sarcoidosis. Conclusion The most common tumor found in our study was lymphoma, which was followed by non-caseating granulomatous disease and thymoma. Anterior compartments are most commonly involved. We observed the most common presentation in the third decade of life with a male to female ratio of 2:1, with dyspnea being the most common symptom, followed by a dry cough. Our study found 4.5% of the patients had pleural effusion as a complication.