Observational evidence for detrimental impact of inhaled ozone on human respiratory system

The detrimental influence of inhaled ozone on human respiratory system is ambiguous due to the complexity of dose response relationship between ozone and human respiratory system. This study collects inhaled ozone concentration and respiratory disease data from Shenzhen City to reveal the impact of ozone on respiratory diseases using the Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) method at the 95% confidence level. The result of GAM exhibits a partially significant lag effect on acute respiratory diseases in cumulative mode. Since the traditional correlation analysis is incapable of capturing causality, the CCM method is applied to examine whether the inhaled ozone affects human respiratory system. The results demonstrate that the inhaled ozone has a significant causative impact on hospitalization rates of both upper and lower respiratory diseases. Furthermore, the harmful causative effects of ozone to the human health are varied with gender and age. Females are more susceptible to inhaled ozone than males, probably because of the estrogen levels and the differential regulation of lung immune response. Adults are more sensitive to ozone exposure than children, potentially due to the fact that children need longer time to react to ozone stress than adults, and the elderly are more tolerant than adults and children, which may be related to pulmonary hypofunction of the elderly while has little correlation with ozone exposure.