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Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes
Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular plant pathogenic bacteria that can induce phyllody, which is a type of abnormal floral organ development. Phytoplasmas possess phyllogens, which are effector proteins that cause phyllody in plants. Phylogenetic comparisons of phyllogen and 16S rRNA genes have...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10210161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37252660 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1132432 |
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author | Tokuda, Ryosuke Iwabuchi, Nozomu Kitazawa, Yugo Nijo, Takamichi Suzuki, Masato Maejima, Kensaku Oshima, Kenro Namba, Shigetou Yamaji, Yasuyuki |
author_facet | Tokuda, Ryosuke Iwabuchi, Nozomu Kitazawa, Yugo Nijo, Takamichi Suzuki, Masato Maejima, Kensaku Oshima, Kenro Namba, Shigetou Yamaji, Yasuyuki |
author_sort | Tokuda, Ryosuke |
collection | PubMed |
description | Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular plant pathogenic bacteria that can induce phyllody, which is a type of abnormal floral organ development. Phytoplasmas possess phyllogens, which are effector proteins that cause phyllody in plants. Phylogenetic comparisons of phyllogen and 16S rRNA genes have suggested that phyllogen genes undergo horizontal transfer between phytoplasma species and strains. However, the mechanisms and evolutionary implications of this horizontal gene transfer are unclear. Here, we analyzed synteny in phyllogen flanking genomic regions from 17 phytoplasma strains that were related to six ‘Candidatus’ species, including three strains newly sequenced in this study. Many of the phyllogens were flanked by multicopy genes within potential mobile units (PMUs), which are putative transposable elements found in phytoplasmas. The multicopy genes exhibited two distinct patterns of synteny that correlated with the linked phyllogens. The low level of sequence identities and partial truncations found among these phyllogen flanking genes indicate that the PMU sequences are deteriorating, whereas the highly conserved sequences and functions (e.g., inducing phyllody) of the phyllogens suggest that the latter are important for phytoplasma fitness. Furthermore, although their phyllogens were similar, PMUs in strains related to ‘Ca. P. asteris’ were often located in different regions of the genome. These findings strongly indicate that PMUs drive the horizontal transfer of phyllogens among phytoplasma species and strains. These insights improve our understanding of how symptom-determinant genes have been shared among phytoplasmas. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10210161 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-102101612023-05-26 Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes Tokuda, Ryosuke Iwabuchi, Nozomu Kitazawa, Yugo Nijo, Takamichi Suzuki, Masato Maejima, Kensaku Oshima, Kenro Namba, Shigetou Yamaji, Yasuyuki Front Genet Genetics Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular plant pathogenic bacteria that can induce phyllody, which is a type of abnormal floral organ development. Phytoplasmas possess phyllogens, which are effector proteins that cause phyllody in plants. Phylogenetic comparisons of phyllogen and 16S rRNA genes have suggested that phyllogen genes undergo horizontal transfer between phytoplasma species and strains. However, the mechanisms and evolutionary implications of this horizontal gene transfer are unclear. Here, we analyzed synteny in phyllogen flanking genomic regions from 17 phytoplasma strains that were related to six ‘Candidatus’ species, including three strains newly sequenced in this study. Many of the phyllogens were flanked by multicopy genes within potential mobile units (PMUs), which are putative transposable elements found in phytoplasmas. The multicopy genes exhibited two distinct patterns of synteny that correlated with the linked phyllogens. The low level of sequence identities and partial truncations found among these phyllogen flanking genes indicate that the PMU sequences are deteriorating, whereas the highly conserved sequences and functions (e.g., inducing phyllody) of the phyllogens suggest that the latter are important for phytoplasma fitness. Furthermore, although their phyllogens were similar, PMUs in strains related to ‘Ca. P. asteris’ were often located in different regions of the genome. These findings strongly indicate that PMUs drive the horizontal transfer of phyllogens among phytoplasma species and strains. These insights improve our understanding of how symptom-determinant genes have been shared among phytoplasmas. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-05-11 /pmc/articles/PMC10210161/ /pubmed/37252660 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1132432 Text en Copyright © 2023 Tokuda, Iwabuchi, Kitazawa, Nijo, Suzuki, Maejima, Oshima, Namba and Yamaji. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Genetics Tokuda, Ryosuke Iwabuchi, Nozomu Kitazawa, Yugo Nijo, Takamichi Suzuki, Masato Maejima, Kensaku Oshima, Kenro Namba, Shigetou Yamaji, Yasuyuki Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes |
title | Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes |
title_full | Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes |
title_fullStr | Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes |
title_full_unstemmed | Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes |
title_short | Potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes |
title_sort | potential mobile units drive the horizontal transfer of phytoplasma effector phyllogen genes |
topic | Genetics |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10210161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37252660 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1132432 |
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