Lumbar Pedicle Morphometry of Dry Vertebral Columns in Relation to Transpedicular Fixation: A Cross-Sectional Study From Central India

Introduction: The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae of the vertebral column, which support the maximum body weight. There has been an increased focus on transpedicular spinal fixation for addressing various lumbar spine pathology. However, its safety and efficacy require precise knowledge of the lumbar pedicle anatomy. Mismatched size of screw and pedicle may lead to failure of instrumentation. It may result in cortex perforation or pedicle fracture and loosening of the pedicle screw. The oversizing of the pedicle screw can result in dural tears, leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid, and injuries to the nerve root. As the racial variations in the anatomy of a pedicle are well known, this study was performed to assess the morphological parameters of the lumbar vertebrae pedicles in the Central Indian population so that the appropriate sizes of pedicular implants can be selected. Material and methods: The present study was conducted at a tertiary-level hospital and medical college on dry lumbar vertebrae specimens available in the department of anatomy. The measurement of morphometric parameters of the lumbar vertebrae pedicles was performed in 20 dry lumbar specimens using vernier calipers and a standard goniometer. The morphometric parameters included in the study are pedicle transverse external diameter (pedicle width), pedicle sagittal external diameter (pedicle height), transverse angle of the pedicle, and sagittal angle of the pedicle. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system version 25 (Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.). Results: The broadest external transverse diameter was at the L5 level, with a mean of (17.54±1.6 mm) in the lumbar vertebrae. The broadest external sagittal pedicle diameter was at the L1 level (13.7±0.88 mm). The maximum transverse angle of the pedicle was at L5 with a mean of 25.39±3.10°. The maximum sagittal angle was at L1 with a mean of 5.44±0.71°. Conclusion: The increased concern regarding the internal fixation of the spine with pedicle screw systems created the need to have almost accurate anatomical knowledge of lumbar pedicles. Due to the dynamic nature of the lumbar spine and the body's load, maximum degeneration occurs at this spine segment, making it the most commonly operated region of the vertebral column. In our study, pedicle dimensions are comparable to populations of other Asian countries. However, the pedicle dimension of our population is lower than the White American population. This morphological variation of pedicle anatomy will help surgeons choose appropriate size screws and optimum angulations to insert the implant, decreasing complications.