The Bethe–Salpeter QED Wave Equation for Bound-State Computations of Atoms and Molecules

[Image: see text] Interactions in atomic and molecular systems are dominated by electromagnetic forces and the theoretical framework must be in the quantum regime. The physical theory for the combination of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism, quantum electrodynamics has been “established” by the mid-twentieth century, primarily as a scattering theory. To describe atoms and molecules, it is important to consider bound states. In the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics framework, bound states can be efficiently computed using robust and general methodologies with systematic approximations developed for solving wave equations. With the sight of the development of a computational quantum electrodynamics framework for atomic and molecular matter, the field theoretic Bethe–Salpeter wave equation expressed in space–time coordinates, its exact equal-time variant, and emergence of a relativistic wave equation, is reviewed. A computational framework, with initial applications and future challenges in relation with precision spectroscopy, is also highlighted.