Assessment of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Blood Concentration on the Risk of Endometrial Cancer

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Cadmium and lead are heavy metals of carcinogenic potential, especially in excessive amounts. Their increased concentrations have been found to correlate with the risk of multiple cancers, including lung, kidney, gastrointestinal, breast, and gynecological cancers. In this study, we have examined the whole blood concentrations of cadmium and lead in patients diagnosed with uterine pathologies and endometrial cancer. We found significant differences in the cadmium/lead ratio among patients diagnosed with different pathologies, with the highest Cd levels in patients with endometrial cancer. Our results show that an increased blood cadmium concentration above the median to be a risk factor for endometrial cancer. Further research on greater populations, accounting for environmental and lifestyle heavy metal exposure, is required to validate our findings. ABSTRACT: Background: Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are heavy metals with carcinogenic potential. Their increased concentration has been correlated with a risk of malignancies, including breast, lung, kidney, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers. Most of the studies have evaluated tissue heavy metal concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate blood Cd and lead levels in different uterine pathologies and the risk of endometrial cancer. Methods: This study included 110 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of endometrial cancer, endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, uterine myoma, and normal endometrium. The patients included in the study were assessed in terms of their endometrial cancer risk factors and blood heavy metal levels. The analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Results: There was a significant difference in the Cd and Cd/Pb ratio among the different groups of patients (p = 0.002), with higher a median Cd concentration among the endometrial cancer patients. The differences in Pb concentration were not significant (p = 0.717). There were also no differences in the Cd and Pb concentrations based on the patients’ menopausal status nor BMI index. The univariate logistic regression showed a blood cadmium concentration above the median to be associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 5.25; 95% CI 1.56, 17.72). No significant associations were observed between the Pb concentration or Cd/Pb ratio and endometrial cancer risk. Conclusion: The concentration of Cd varies in patients diagnosed with different uterine pathologies. Increased blood cadmium concentration seems to be a risk factor for endometrial studies. Further research on greater populations, accounting for environmental and lifestyle heavy metal exposure, is required to validate our findings.