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The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although current therapies, such as statins, have led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from ACVD, they are associated with considerable residual risk for the disease together with various adverse s...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10218101/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37239823 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108476 |
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author | Alalawi, Sulaiman Albalawi, Faizah Ramji, Dipak P. |
author_facet | Alalawi, Sulaiman Albalawi, Faizah Ramji, Dipak P. |
author_sort | Alalawi, Sulaiman |
collection | PubMed |
description | Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although current therapies, such as statins, have led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from ACVD, they are associated with considerable residual risk for the disease together with various adverse side effects. Natural compounds are generally well-tolerated; a major recent goal has been to harness their full potential in the prevention and treatment of ACVD, either alone or together with existing pharmacotherapies. Punicalagin (PC) is the main polyphenol present in pomegranates and pomegranate juice and demonstrates many beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties. The objective of this review is to inform on our current understanding of the pathogenesis of ACVD and the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial actions of PC and its metabolites in the disease, including the attenuation of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, endothelial cell dysfunction, foam cell formation, and inflammation mediated by cytokines and immune cells together with the regulation of proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Some of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of PC and its metabolites are due to their strong radical-scavenging activities. PC and its metabolites also inhibit the risk factors of atherosclerosis, including hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, hypertension, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite the promising findings that have emerged from numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, deeper mechanistic insights and large clinical trials are required to harness the full potential of PC and its metabolites in the prevention and treatment of ACVD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10218101 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-102181012023-05-27 The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease Alalawi, Sulaiman Albalawi, Faizah Ramji, Dipak P. Int J Mol Sci Review Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although current therapies, such as statins, have led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from ACVD, they are associated with considerable residual risk for the disease together with various adverse side effects. Natural compounds are generally well-tolerated; a major recent goal has been to harness their full potential in the prevention and treatment of ACVD, either alone or together with existing pharmacotherapies. Punicalagin (PC) is the main polyphenol present in pomegranates and pomegranate juice and demonstrates many beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties. The objective of this review is to inform on our current understanding of the pathogenesis of ACVD and the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial actions of PC and its metabolites in the disease, including the attenuation of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, endothelial cell dysfunction, foam cell formation, and inflammation mediated by cytokines and immune cells together with the regulation of proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Some of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of PC and its metabolites are due to their strong radical-scavenging activities. PC and its metabolites also inhibit the risk factors of atherosclerosis, including hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, hypertension, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite the promising findings that have emerged from numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, deeper mechanistic insights and large clinical trials are required to harness the full potential of PC and its metabolites in the prevention and treatment of ACVD. MDPI 2023-05-09 /pmc/articles/PMC10218101/ /pubmed/37239823 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108476 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Alalawi, Sulaiman Albalawi, Faizah Ramji, Dipak P. The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease |
title | The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease |
title_full | The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease |
title_fullStr | The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease |
title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease |
title_short | The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease |
title_sort | role of punicalagin and its metabolites in atherosclerosis and risk factors associated with the disease |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10218101/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37239823 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108476 |
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