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Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees

Forests, comprising 31% of the Earth’s surface, play pivotal roles in regulating the carbon, water, and energy cycles. Despite being far less diverse than angiosperms, gymnosperms account for over 50% of the global woody biomass production. To sustain growth and development, gymnosperms have evolved...

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Autores principales: Nguyen, Thi Thu Tram, Bae, Eun-Kyung, Tran, Thi Ngoc Anh, Lee, Hyoshin, Ko, Jae-Heung
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10218545/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37239969
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108624
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author Nguyen, Thi Thu Tram
Bae, Eun-Kyung
Tran, Thi Ngoc Anh
Lee, Hyoshin
Ko, Jae-Heung
author_facet Nguyen, Thi Thu Tram
Bae, Eun-Kyung
Tran, Thi Ngoc Anh
Lee, Hyoshin
Ko, Jae-Heung
author_sort Nguyen, Thi Thu Tram
collection PubMed
description Forests, comprising 31% of the Earth’s surface, play pivotal roles in regulating the carbon, water, and energy cycles. Despite being far less diverse than angiosperms, gymnosperms account for over 50% of the global woody biomass production. To sustain growth and development, gymnosperms have evolved the capacity to sense and respond to cyclical environmental signals, such as changes in photoperiod and seasonal temperature, which initiate growth (spring and summer) and dormancy (fall and winter). Cambium, the lateral meristem responsible for wood formation, is reactivated through a complex interplay among hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Temperature signals perceived in early spring induce the synthesis of several phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, which in turn reactivate cambium cells. Additionally, microRNA-mediated genetic and epigenetic pathways modulate cambial function. As a result, the cambium becomes active during the summer, resulting in active secondary xylem (i.e., wood) production, and starts to become inactive in autumn. This review summarizes and discusses recent findings regarding the climatic, hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic regulation of wood formation in gymnosperm trees (i.e., conifers) in response to seasonal changes.
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spelling pubmed-102185452023-05-27 Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees Nguyen, Thi Thu Tram Bae, Eun-Kyung Tran, Thi Ngoc Anh Lee, Hyoshin Ko, Jae-Heung Int J Mol Sci Review Forests, comprising 31% of the Earth’s surface, play pivotal roles in regulating the carbon, water, and energy cycles. Despite being far less diverse than angiosperms, gymnosperms account for over 50% of the global woody biomass production. To sustain growth and development, gymnosperms have evolved the capacity to sense and respond to cyclical environmental signals, such as changes in photoperiod and seasonal temperature, which initiate growth (spring and summer) and dormancy (fall and winter). Cambium, the lateral meristem responsible for wood formation, is reactivated through a complex interplay among hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Temperature signals perceived in early spring induce the synthesis of several phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, which in turn reactivate cambium cells. Additionally, microRNA-mediated genetic and epigenetic pathways modulate cambial function. As a result, the cambium becomes active during the summer, resulting in active secondary xylem (i.e., wood) production, and starts to become inactive in autumn. This review summarizes and discusses recent findings regarding the climatic, hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic regulation of wood formation in gymnosperm trees (i.e., conifers) in response to seasonal changes. MDPI 2023-05-11 /pmc/articles/PMC10218545/ /pubmed/37239969 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108624 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Nguyen, Thi Thu Tram
Bae, Eun-Kyung
Tran, Thi Ngoc Anh
Lee, Hyoshin
Ko, Jae-Heung
Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees
title Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees
title_full Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees
title_fullStr Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees
title_short Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees
title_sort exploring the seasonal dynamics and molecular mechanism of wood formation in gymnosperm trees
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10218545/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37239969
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108624
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