Association of Sex Differences with Mortality and Organ Dysfunction in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock

Background: Despite recent advances in the clinical management and understanding of sepsis and septic shock, these complex clinical syndromes continue to have high mortality rates. The effect of sex on these diseases’ mortality, clinical presentation and morbidity remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association of sex with mortality and organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Methods: Prospectively enrolled patients with clinically defined sepsis and septic shock in three intensive care units at University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany, were investigated. The primary outcomes were 28- and 90-day mortality, while the secondary endpoints included the evaluation of organ dysfunction as measured by clinical scores and laboratory parameters. Results: A total of 737 septic patients were enrolled, including 373 in septic shock, 484 males, and 253 females. No significant differences in 28- and 90-day mortality were observed in the cohort. However, men with sepsis had significantly higher SOFA scores, SOFA respiratory and renal subscores, bilirubin and creatinine values, and lower weight-adapted urine outputs, indicating higher organ dysfunction compared to women. Conclusions: Our findings revealed notable differences in organ dysfunction between male and female patients, with males exhibiting more pronounced dysfunction across multiple clinical indicators. These results highlight the potential influence of sex on sepsis disease severity and suggest the need for tailored approaches in sepsis management according to patient sex.