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Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia

Research background and Objectives: Age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but CVD risk factors are preventable, and lack of awareness of its risk factors is a contributing factor to CVDs. Middle-aged people may be more likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle behaviours...

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Autores principales: Lee, Siew-Keah, Chua, Ang-Lim, Fong, Clement Heng Yew, Ban, Brian Cong Hao, Ng, Wen Ling, Kong, Jing Feng, Chew, Yik-Ling, Liew, Kai Bin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10222098/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242265
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102382
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author Lee, Siew-Keah
Chua, Ang-Lim
Fong, Clement Heng Yew
Ban, Brian Cong Hao
Ng, Wen Ling
Kong, Jing Feng
Chew, Yik-Ling
Liew, Kai Bin
author_facet Lee, Siew-Keah
Chua, Ang-Lim
Fong, Clement Heng Yew
Ban, Brian Cong Hao
Ng, Wen Ling
Kong, Jing Feng
Chew, Yik-Ling
Liew, Kai Bin
author_sort Lee, Siew-Keah
collection PubMed
description Research background and Objectives: Age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but CVD risk factors are preventable, and lack of awareness of its risk factors is a contributing factor to CVDs. Middle-aged people may be more likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle behaviours which can increase the risk of CVD. Health self-assessment is crucial for early detection and management of health issues and early lifestyle intervention for better personalised health management. This study aims to determine the self-assessment of INTERHEART risk classification among the middle-aged community in Malaysia. Method: Local community members aged 40–60 years and who are currently residing in Malaysia were recruited via non-randomised sampling. Sociodemographic characteristics and dietary pattern related to salt, fibre, fat (deep fried/snacks), poultry/meat intakes, and other cardiovascular risk factors (waist-hip ratio, medical history related to diabetes/hypertension, history/exposure of tobacco use, psychosocial status, and level of physical activity) were assessed; INTERHEART risk scores were then computed and stratified into low, medium and high risks. Results: Approximately 45% (n = 273/602) of middle-aged respondents in Malaysia are at moderate-to-high risk of cardiovascular events, with men being more likely to develop CVD compared to women. The results of the survey indicated that poultry/meat intake (61%), physical inactivity (59%), and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure (54%) are the most prevalent risk factors among the respondents. One-third of the respondents consumed excessive salty food and deep fried foods/snacks/fast food, and only one-third of them consumed vegetables/fruits at a recommended level. It is worrying that about a quarter of the respondents felt several periodical/permanent stresses and even felt sad/blue/depressed for two weeks or more in a row. Males, labour workers, and those with lower educational levels are more likely to develop CVD events. Conclusions: This study found that 45% of the middle-aged respondents were having moderate-to-high risk for cardiovascular events with multiple risk factors related to unhealthy lifestyle habits and environmental factors. In addition to non-modifiable factors such as gender and age, sociodemographic factors, i.e., educational level and occupation, are equally important factors to determine CVD risk. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize the clinical relevance of assessing multiple factors in the determination of CVD risks for early prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.
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spelling pubmed-102220982023-05-28 Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia Lee, Siew-Keah Chua, Ang-Lim Fong, Clement Heng Yew Ban, Brian Cong Hao Ng, Wen Ling Kong, Jing Feng Chew, Yik-Ling Liew, Kai Bin Nutrients Article Research background and Objectives: Age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but CVD risk factors are preventable, and lack of awareness of its risk factors is a contributing factor to CVDs. Middle-aged people may be more likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle behaviours which can increase the risk of CVD. Health self-assessment is crucial for early detection and management of health issues and early lifestyle intervention for better personalised health management. This study aims to determine the self-assessment of INTERHEART risk classification among the middle-aged community in Malaysia. Method: Local community members aged 40–60 years and who are currently residing in Malaysia were recruited via non-randomised sampling. Sociodemographic characteristics and dietary pattern related to salt, fibre, fat (deep fried/snacks), poultry/meat intakes, and other cardiovascular risk factors (waist-hip ratio, medical history related to diabetes/hypertension, history/exposure of tobacco use, psychosocial status, and level of physical activity) were assessed; INTERHEART risk scores were then computed and stratified into low, medium and high risks. Results: Approximately 45% (n = 273/602) of middle-aged respondents in Malaysia are at moderate-to-high risk of cardiovascular events, with men being more likely to develop CVD compared to women. The results of the survey indicated that poultry/meat intake (61%), physical inactivity (59%), and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure (54%) are the most prevalent risk factors among the respondents. One-third of the respondents consumed excessive salty food and deep fried foods/snacks/fast food, and only one-third of them consumed vegetables/fruits at a recommended level. It is worrying that about a quarter of the respondents felt several periodical/permanent stresses and even felt sad/blue/depressed for two weeks or more in a row. Males, labour workers, and those with lower educational levels are more likely to develop CVD events. Conclusions: This study found that 45% of the middle-aged respondents were having moderate-to-high risk for cardiovascular events with multiple risk factors related to unhealthy lifestyle habits and environmental factors. In addition to non-modifiable factors such as gender and age, sociodemographic factors, i.e., educational level and occupation, are equally important factors to determine CVD risk. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize the clinical relevance of assessing multiple factors in the determination of CVD risks for early prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. MDPI 2023-05-19 /pmc/articles/PMC10222098/ /pubmed/37242265 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102382 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Lee, Siew-Keah
Chua, Ang-Lim
Fong, Clement Heng Yew
Ban, Brian Cong Hao
Ng, Wen Ling
Kong, Jing Feng
Chew, Yik-Ling
Liew, Kai Bin
Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia
title Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia
title_full Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia
title_fullStr Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia
title_short Self-Assessment of INTERHEART Risk Stratification among the Middle-Aged Community in Malaysia
title_sort self-assessment of interheart risk stratification among the middle-aged community in malaysia
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10222098/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242265
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102382
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