Cargando…
Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures
Polymers have a reputation for several advantageous characteristics like chemical resistance, weight reduction, and simple form-giving processes. The rise of additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has introduced an even more versatile production process that sup...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10223719/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242864 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102291 |
_version_ | 1785050008717885440 |
---|---|
author | Nagengast, Niko Bay, Christian Döpper, Frank Schmidt, Hans-Werner Neuber, Christian |
author_facet | Nagengast, Niko Bay, Christian Döpper, Frank Schmidt, Hans-Werner Neuber, Christian |
author_sort | Nagengast, Niko |
collection | PubMed |
description | Polymers have a reputation for several advantageous characteristics like chemical resistance, weight reduction, and simple form-giving processes. The rise of additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has introduced an even more versatile production process that supported new product design and material concepts. This led to new investigations and innovations driven by the individualization of customized products. The other side of the coin contains an increasing resource and energy consumption satisfying the growing demand for polymer products. This turns into a magnitude of waste accumulation and increased resource consumption. Therefore, appropriate product and material design, taking into account end-of-life scenarios, is essential to limit or even close the loop of economically driven product systems. In this paper, a comparison of virgin and recycled biodegradable (polylactic acid (PLA)) and petroleum-based (polypropylene (PP) & support) filaments for extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing is presented. For the first time, the thermo-mechanical recycling setup contained a service-life simulation, shredding, and extrusion. Specimens and complex geometries with support materials were manufactured with both, virgin and recycled materials. An empirical assessment was executed through mechanical (ISO 527), rheological (ISO 1133), morphological, and dimensional testing. Furthermore, the surface properties of the PLA and PP printed parts were analyzed. In summary, PP parts and parts from its support structure showed, in consideration of all parameters, suitable recyclability with a marginal parameter variance in comparison to the virgin material. The PLA components showed an acceptable decline in the mechanical values but through thermo-mechanical degradation processes, rheological and dimensional properties of the filament dropped decently. This results in significantly identifiable artifacts of the product optics, based on an increase in surface roughness. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10223719 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-102237192023-05-28 Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures Nagengast, Niko Bay, Christian Döpper, Frank Schmidt, Hans-Werner Neuber, Christian Polymers (Basel) Article Polymers have a reputation for several advantageous characteristics like chemical resistance, weight reduction, and simple form-giving processes. The rise of additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has introduced an even more versatile production process that supported new product design and material concepts. This led to new investigations and innovations driven by the individualization of customized products. The other side of the coin contains an increasing resource and energy consumption satisfying the growing demand for polymer products. This turns into a magnitude of waste accumulation and increased resource consumption. Therefore, appropriate product and material design, taking into account end-of-life scenarios, is essential to limit or even close the loop of economically driven product systems. In this paper, a comparison of virgin and recycled biodegradable (polylactic acid (PLA)) and petroleum-based (polypropylene (PP) & support) filaments for extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing is presented. For the first time, the thermo-mechanical recycling setup contained a service-life simulation, shredding, and extrusion. Specimens and complex geometries with support materials were manufactured with both, virgin and recycled materials. An empirical assessment was executed through mechanical (ISO 527), rheological (ISO 1133), morphological, and dimensional testing. Furthermore, the surface properties of the PLA and PP printed parts were analyzed. In summary, PP parts and parts from its support structure showed, in consideration of all parameters, suitable recyclability with a marginal parameter variance in comparison to the virgin material. The PLA components showed an acceptable decline in the mechanical values but through thermo-mechanical degradation processes, rheological and dimensional properties of the filament dropped decently. This results in significantly identifiable artifacts of the product optics, based on an increase in surface roughness. MDPI 2023-05-12 /pmc/articles/PMC10223719/ /pubmed/37242864 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102291 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Nagengast, Niko Bay, Christian Döpper, Frank Schmidt, Hans-Werner Neuber, Christian Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures |
title | Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures |
title_full | Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures |
title_fullStr | Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures |
title_full_unstemmed | Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures |
title_short | Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures |
title_sort | thermo-mechanical recyclability of additively manufactured polypropylene and polylactic acid parts and polypropylene support structures |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10223719/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242864 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102291 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT nagengastniko thermomechanicalrecyclabilityofadditivelymanufacturedpolypropyleneandpolylacticacidpartsandpolypropylenesupportstructures AT baychristian thermomechanicalrecyclabilityofadditivelymanufacturedpolypropyleneandpolylacticacidpartsandpolypropylenesupportstructures AT dopperfrank thermomechanicalrecyclabilityofadditivelymanufacturedpolypropyleneandpolylacticacidpartsandpolypropylenesupportstructures AT schmidthanswerner thermomechanicalrecyclabilityofadditivelymanufacturedpolypropyleneandpolylacticacidpartsandpolypropylenesupportstructures AT neuberchristian thermomechanicalrecyclabilityofadditivelymanufacturedpolypropyleneandpolylacticacidpartsandpolypropylenesupportstructures |