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Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades

Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8–16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a compa...

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Autores principales: Herrera-Ramos, Estefanía, Tomaino, Laura, Sánchez-Villegas, Almudena, Ribas-Barba, Lourdes, Gómez, Santiago F., Wärnberg, Julia, Osés, Maddi, González-Gross, Marcela, Gusi, Narcis, Aznar, Susana, Marín-Cascales, Elena, González-Valeiro, Miguel Ángel, Terrados, Nicolás, Tur, Josep A., Segú, Marta, Fitó, Montserrat, Homs, Clara, Benavente-Marín, Juan Carlos, Labayen, Idoia, Zapico, Augusto G., Sánchez-Gómez, Jesús, Jiménez-Zazo, Fabio, Alcaraz-Ramón, Pedro Emilio, Sevilla-Sanchez, Marta, Pulgar-Muñoz, Susana, Bouzas, Cristina, Sistac-Sorigué, Clara, Schröder, Helmut, Serra-Majem, Lluis
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10223797/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242233
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102348
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author Herrera-Ramos, Estefanía
Tomaino, Laura
Sánchez-Villegas, Almudena
Ribas-Barba, Lourdes
Gómez, Santiago F.
Wärnberg, Julia
Osés, Maddi
González-Gross, Marcela
Gusi, Narcis
Aznar, Susana
Marín-Cascales, Elena
González-Valeiro, Miguel Ángel
Terrados, Nicolás
Tur, Josep A.
Segú, Marta
Fitó, Montserrat
Homs, Clara
Benavente-Marín, Juan Carlos
Labayen, Idoia
Zapico, Augusto G.
Sánchez-Gómez, Jesús
Jiménez-Zazo, Fabio
Alcaraz-Ramón, Pedro Emilio
Sevilla-Sanchez, Marta
Pulgar-Muñoz, Susana
Bouzas, Cristina
Sistac-Sorigué, Clara
Schröder, Helmut
Serra-Majem, Lluis
author_facet Herrera-Ramos, Estefanía
Tomaino, Laura
Sánchez-Villegas, Almudena
Ribas-Barba, Lourdes
Gómez, Santiago F.
Wärnberg, Julia
Osés, Maddi
González-Gross, Marcela
Gusi, Narcis
Aznar, Susana
Marín-Cascales, Elena
González-Valeiro, Miguel Ángel
Terrados, Nicolás
Tur, Josep A.
Segú, Marta
Fitó, Montserrat
Homs, Clara
Benavente-Marín, Juan Carlos
Labayen, Idoia
Zapico, Augusto G.
Sánchez-Gómez, Jesús
Jiménez-Zazo, Fabio
Alcaraz-Ramón, Pedro Emilio
Sevilla-Sanchez, Marta
Pulgar-Muñoz, Susana
Bouzas, Cristina
Sistac-Sorigué, Clara
Schröder, Helmut
Serra-Majem, Lluis
author_sort Herrera-Ramos, Estefanía
collection PubMed
description Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8–16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a comparative analysis of two cross-sectional nationwide representative studies: enKid (1998–2000, n = 1001) and PASOS (2019–2020, n = 3540). Taking into account the educational level of pupils, as well as the characteristics of the place of living, a significant association was found between a KIDMED score ≥ 8 (optimal MD adherence) and primary education as well as residency in an area of <50,000 inhabitants, while living in the southern regions was associated with non-optimal MD adherence (p < 0.001). Participants of the 2019–2020 study showed an increase in the consumption of dairy products (31.1% increase), pasta/rice (15.4% increase), olive oil (16.9% increase), and nuts (9.7% increase), as well as a decreased sweets and candies intake (12.6% reduction). In contrast, a significantly lower MD adherence was found when comparing the 2019–2020 (mean ± SE: 6.9 ± 0.04) and the 1998–2000 study (7.37 ± 0.08); p < 0.001), due to less consumption of fish (20.3% reduction), pulse (19.4% reduction), and fruits (14.9% reduction), and an increased intake of commercial goods/pastries or fast-food intake (both 19.4% increase). The lowest adherence was recorded for adolescents also in the most recent study, where 10.9% of them presented a KIDMED score ≤ 3. This study shows that eating habits are deteriorating among Spanish children and adolescents. Such findings point out the urgency of undertaking strong measures to promote the consumption of healthy, sustainable, and non-ultra-processed food, such as those available in an MD, not only at a scientific and academic level, but also at a governmental one.
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spelling pubmed-102237972023-05-28 Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades Herrera-Ramos, Estefanía Tomaino, Laura Sánchez-Villegas, Almudena Ribas-Barba, Lourdes Gómez, Santiago F. Wärnberg, Julia Osés, Maddi González-Gross, Marcela Gusi, Narcis Aznar, Susana Marín-Cascales, Elena González-Valeiro, Miguel Ángel Terrados, Nicolás Tur, Josep A. Segú, Marta Fitó, Montserrat Homs, Clara Benavente-Marín, Juan Carlos Labayen, Idoia Zapico, Augusto G. Sánchez-Gómez, Jesús Jiménez-Zazo, Fabio Alcaraz-Ramón, Pedro Emilio Sevilla-Sanchez, Marta Pulgar-Muñoz, Susana Bouzas, Cristina Sistac-Sorigué, Clara Schröder, Helmut Serra-Majem, Lluis Nutrients Article Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8–16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a comparative analysis of two cross-sectional nationwide representative studies: enKid (1998–2000, n = 1001) and PASOS (2019–2020, n = 3540). Taking into account the educational level of pupils, as well as the characteristics of the place of living, a significant association was found between a KIDMED score ≥ 8 (optimal MD adherence) and primary education as well as residency in an area of <50,000 inhabitants, while living in the southern regions was associated with non-optimal MD adherence (p < 0.001). Participants of the 2019–2020 study showed an increase in the consumption of dairy products (31.1% increase), pasta/rice (15.4% increase), olive oil (16.9% increase), and nuts (9.7% increase), as well as a decreased sweets and candies intake (12.6% reduction). In contrast, a significantly lower MD adherence was found when comparing the 2019–2020 (mean ± SE: 6.9 ± 0.04) and the 1998–2000 study (7.37 ± 0.08); p < 0.001), due to less consumption of fish (20.3% reduction), pulse (19.4% reduction), and fruits (14.9% reduction), and an increased intake of commercial goods/pastries or fast-food intake (both 19.4% increase). The lowest adherence was recorded for adolescents also in the most recent study, where 10.9% of them presented a KIDMED score ≤ 3. This study shows that eating habits are deteriorating among Spanish children and adolescents. Such findings point out the urgency of undertaking strong measures to promote the consumption of healthy, sustainable, and non-ultra-processed food, such as those available in an MD, not only at a scientific and academic level, but also at a governmental one. MDPI 2023-05-17 /pmc/articles/PMC10223797/ /pubmed/37242233 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102348 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Herrera-Ramos, Estefanía
Tomaino, Laura
Sánchez-Villegas, Almudena
Ribas-Barba, Lourdes
Gómez, Santiago F.
Wärnberg, Julia
Osés, Maddi
González-Gross, Marcela
Gusi, Narcis
Aznar, Susana
Marín-Cascales, Elena
González-Valeiro, Miguel Ángel
Terrados, Nicolás
Tur, Josep A.
Segú, Marta
Fitó, Montserrat
Homs, Clara
Benavente-Marín, Juan Carlos
Labayen, Idoia
Zapico, Augusto G.
Sánchez-Gómez, Jesús
Jiménez-Zazo, Fabio
Alcaraz-Ramón, Pedro Emilio
Sevilla-Sanchez, Marta
Pulgar-Muñoz, Susana
Bouzas, Cristina
Sistac-Sorigué, Clara
Schröder, Helmut
Serra-Majem, Lluis
Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
title Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
title_full Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
title_fullStr Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
title_full_unstemmed Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
title_short Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
title_sort trends in adherence to the mediterranean diet in spanish children and adolescents across two decades
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10223797/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242233
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102348
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