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Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review

Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade t...

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Autores principales: Boero, Elena, Vezzani, Giacomo, Micoli, Francesca, Pizza, Mariagrazia, Rossi, Omar
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227456/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37260708
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171213
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author Boero, Elena
Vezzani, Giacomo
Micoli, Francesca
Pizza, Mariagrazia
Rossi, Omar
author_facet Boero, Elena
Vezzani, Giacomo
Micoli, Francesca
Pizza, Mariagrazia
Rossi, Omar
author_sort Boero, Elena
collection PubMed
description Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade the intestinal epithelium. Antibodies, especially against the O-antigen and some invasion proteins, play a protective role as titres against specific antigens inversely correlate with disease severity; however, the context of antibody action during pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, especially with Shigella being mostly an intracellular pathogen. In the absence of a correlate of protection, functional assays rebuilding salient moments of Shigella pathogenesis can improve our understanding of the role of protective antibodies in blocking infection and disease. In vitro assays are important tools to build correlates of protection. Only recently animal models to recapitulate human pathogenesis, often not in full, have been established. This review aims to discuss in vitro assays to evaluate the functionality of anti-Shigella antibodies in polyclonal sera in light of the multistep and multifaced Shigella infection process. Indeed, measurement of antibody level alone may limit the evaluation of full vaccine potential. Serum bactericidal assay (SBA), and other functional assays such as opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA), and adhesion/invasion inhibition assays (AIA), are instead physiologically relevant and may provide important information regarding the role played by these effector mechanisms in protective immunity. Ultimately, the review aims at providing scientists in the field with new points of view regarding the significance of functional assays of choice which may be more representative of immune-mediated protection mechanisms.
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spelling pubmed-102274562023-05-31 Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review Boero, Elena Vezzani, Giacomo Micoli, Francesca Pizza, Mariagrazia Rossi, Omar Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade the intestinal epithelium. Antibodies, especially against the O-antigen and some invasion proteins, play a protective role as titres against specific antigens inversely correlate with disease severity; however, the context of antibody action during pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, especially with Shigella being mostly an intracellular pathogen. In the absence of a correlate of protection, functional assays rebuilding salient moments of Shigella pathogenesis can improve our understanding of the role of protective antibodies in blocking infection and disease. In vitro assays are important tools to build correlates of protection. Only recently animal models to recapitulate human pathogenesis, often not in full, have been established. This review aims to discuss in vitro assays to evaluate the functionality of anti-Shigella antibodies in polyclonal sera in light of the multistep and multifaced Shigella infection process. Indeed, measurement of antibody level alone may limit the evaluation of full vaccine potential. Serum bactericidal assay (SBA), and other functional assays such as opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA), and adhesion/invasion inhibition assays (AIA), are instead physiologically relevant and may provide important information regarding the role played by these effector mechanisms in protective immunity. Ultimately, the review aims at providing scientists in the field with new points of view regarding the significance of functional assays of choice which may be more representative of immune-mediated protection mechanisms. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-05-16 /pmc/articles/PMC10227456/ /pubmed/37260708 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171213 Text en Copyright © 2023 Boero, Vezzani, Micoli, Pizza and Rossi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Boero, Elena
Vezzani, Giacomo
Micoli, Francesca
Pizza, Mariagrazia
Rossi, Omar
Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review
title Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review
title_full Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review
title_fullStr Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review
title_full_unstemmed Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review
title_short Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review
title_sort functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against shigella: a review
topic Cellular and Infection Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227456/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37260708
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171213
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