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Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study
BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease in temperate regions but an endemic disease in countries with tropical climates such as South America, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia. There has been an increase in leptospirosis incidence in Malaysia from 1.45 to 25.94 cases pe...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
JMIR Publications
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227704/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37184897 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/43712 |
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author | Ab Kadir, Muhammad Akram Abdul Manaf, Rosliza Mokhtar, Siti Aisah Ismail, Luthffi Idzhar |
author_facet | Ab Kadir, Muhammad Akram Abdul Manaf, Rosliza Mokhtar, Siti Aisah Ismail, Luthffi Idzhar |
author_sort | Ab Kadir, Muhammad Akram |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease in temperate regions but an endemic disease in countries with tropical climates such as South America, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia. There has been an increase in leptospirosis incidence in Malaysia from 1.45 to 25.94 cases per 100,000 population between 2005 and 2014. With increasing incidence in Selangor, Malaysia, and frequent climate change dynamics, a study on the disease hotspot areas and their association with the hydroclimatic factors would further enhance disease surveillance and public health interventions. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the association between the spatio-temporal distribution of leptospirosis hotspot areas from 2011 to 2019 with the hydroclimatic factors in Selangor using the geographical information system and remote sensing techniques to develop a leptospirosis hotspot predictive model. METHODS: This will be an ecological cross-sectional study with geographical information system and remote sensing mapping and analysis concerning leptospirosis using secondary data. Leptospirosis cases in Selangor from January 2011 to December 2019 shall be obtained from the Selangor State Health Department. Laboratory-confirmed cases with data on the possible source of infection would be identified and georeferenced according to their longitude and latitudes. Topographic data consisting of subdistrict boundaries and the distribution of rivers in Selangor will be obtained from the Department of Survey and Mapping. The ArcGIS Pro software will be used to evaluate the clustering of the cases and mapped using the Getis-Ord Gi* tool. The satellite images for rainfall and land surface temperature will be acquired from the Giovanni National Aeronautics and Space Administration EarthData website and processed to obtain the average monthly values in millimeters and degrees Celsius. Meanwhile, the average monthly river hydrometric levels will be obtained from the Department of Drainage and Irrigation. Data are then inputted as thematic layers and in the ArcGIS software for further analysis. The artificial neural network analysis in artificial intelligence Phyton software will then be used to obtain the leptospirosis hotspot predictive model. RESULTS: This research was funded as of November 2022. Data collection, processing, and analysis commenced in December 2022, and the results of the study are expected to be published by the end of 2024. The leptospirosis distribution and clusters may be significantly associated with the hydroclimatic factors of rainfall, land surface temperature, and the river hydrometric level. CONCLUSIONS: This study will explore the associations of leptospirosis hotspot areas with the hydroclimatic factors in Selangor and subsequently the development of a leptospirosis predictive model. The constructed predictive model could potentially be used to design and enhance public health initiatives for disease prevention. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/43712 |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10227704 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | JMIR Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-102277042023-05-31 Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study Ab Kadir, Muhammad Akram Abdul Manaf, Rosliza Mokhtar, Siti Aisah Ismail, Luthffi Idzhar JMIR Res Protoc Protocol BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease in temperate regions but an endemic disease in countries with tropical climates such as South America, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia. There has been an increase in leptospirosis incidence in Malaysia from 1.45 to 25.94 cases per 100,000 population between 2005 and 2014. With increasing incidence in Selangor, Malaysia, and frequent climate change dynamics, a study on the disease hotspot areas and their association with the hydroclimatic factors would further enhance disease surveillance and public health interventions. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the association between the spatio-temporal distribution of leptospirosis hotspot areas from 2011 to 2019 with the hydroclimatic factors in Selangor using the geographical information system and remote sensing techniques to develop a leptospirosis hotspot predictive model. METHODS: This will be an ecological cross-sectional study with geographical information system and remote sensing mapping and analysis concerning leptospirosis using secondary data. Leptospirosis cases in Selangor from January 2011 to December 2019 shall be obtained from the Selangor State Health Department. Laboratory-confirmed cases with data on the possible source of infection would be identified and georeferenced according to their longitude and latitudes. Topographic data consisting of subdistrict boundaries and the distribution of rivers in Selangor will be obtained from the Department of Survey and Mapping. The ArcGIS Pro software will be used to evaluate the clustering of the cases and mapped using the Getis-Ord Gi* tool. The satellite images for rainfall and land surface temperature will be acquired from the Giovanni National Aeronautics and Space Administration EarthData website and processed to obtain the average monthly values in millimeters and degrees Celsius. Meanwhile, the average monthly river hydrometric levels will be obtained from the Department of Drainage and Irrigation. Data are then inputted as thematic layers and in the ArcGIS software for further analysis. The artificial neural network analysis in artificial intelligence Phyton software will then be used to obtain the leptospirosis hotspot predictive model. RESULTS: This research was funded as of November 2022. Data collection, processing, and analysis commenced in December 2022, and the results of the study are expected to be published by the end of 2024. The leptospirosis distribution and clusters may be significantly associated with the hydroclimatic factors of rainfall, land surface temperature, and the river hydrometric level. CONCLUSIONS: This study will explore the associations of leptospirosis hotspot areas with the hydroclimatic factors in Selangor and subsequently the development of a leptospirosis predictive model. The constructed predictive model could potentially be used to design and enhance public health initiatives for disease prevention. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/43712 JMIR Publications 2023-05-15 /pmc/articles/PMC10227704/ /pubmed/37184897 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/43712 Text en ©Muhammad Akram Ab Kadir, Rosliza Abdul Manaf, Siti Aisah Mokhtar, Luthffi Idzhar Ismail. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 15.05.2023. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. |
spellingShingle | Protocol Ab Kadir, Muhammad Akram Abdul Manaf, Rosliza Mokhtar, Siti Aisah Ismail, Luthffi Idzhar Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study |
title | Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study |
title_full | Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study |
title_fullStr | Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study |
title_short | Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study |
title_sort | spatio-temporal analysis of leptospirosis hotspot areas and its association with hydroclimatic factors in selangor, malaysia: protocol for an ecological cross-sectional study |
topic | Protocol |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227704/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37184897 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/43712 |
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