Exploring the prevalence of antibiotic resistance patterns and drivers of antibiotics resistance of Salmonella in livestock and poultry-derived foods: a systematic review and meta-analysis in Bangladesh from 2000 to 2022

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a severe public health problem that Bangladeshis are dealing with nowadays. However, we wanted to investigate the pooled prevalence of Salmonella and AMR in Salmonella strains isolated from livestock- and poultry-derived foods between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2022. METHODS: The metafor and metareg packages in the R programming language were used to conduct all analyses. We used a random-effect or fixed-effect model for pooled prevalence of Salmonella and AMR to Salmonella, depending on the heterogeneity test for each antibiotic. The heterogeneity was examined using stratified analyses, the meta-regression approach and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: The combined prevalence of Salmonella in livestock and poultry-derived food in Bangladesh is 37%, according to the 12-research considered (95% CI: 23%–52%). According to subgroup analysis, neomycin had the lowest prevalence of resistance (4%, 95% CI: 1%–13%), whereas tetracycline had the highest prevalence of resistance (81%, 95% CI: 53%–98%). According to univariate meta-analysis and correlation analysis, the prevalence of Salmonella increased with the study period (β = 0.0179; 95% CI: 0.0059–0.0298, P = 0.0034; R(2) = 46.11%) and without this, none of aforementioned variables was significantly associated with the detected heterogeneity and there was a positive relationship (r = 0.692, P = 0.001) between the Salmonella prevalence and study period. CONCLUSIONS: AMR is rising alarmingly in Bangladesh by livestock-derived food consumption. However, monitoring and evaluating antibiotic sensitivity trends and developing effective antibiotic regimens may improve Salmonella infection inhibition and control in Bangladesh. Policymakers should be concerned about food handling practices. Doctors should be concerned when using prescribing antibiotics.