Effect of Bone Cement Thickness on the Risk of Scalded Skin in Joint Surgery

OBJECTIVE: Bone cement releases a large amount of heat as it polymerizes. Skin burns caused by discarded bone cement are not well understood during arthroplasty. It is important to study the correlates and mechanisms of scalding and to accurately evaluate the severity of burns to guide treatment decisions. METHODS: Standardized burns were created in eight anesthetized rabbits using different thicknesses of bone cement. Bone cement was uniformly stirred to make thicknesses of 1 mm, 4 mm, 8 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, and 20 mm and a 20 × 40 mm cuboid. Bone cement samples were then placed on the back of a rabbit, and the temperature changes were recorded with an industrial digital thermometer. One hour later, the appearance of scalded skin was observed, and the rabbits were euthanized. The scalded parts were cut to make pathological sections and stained with HE, and the differences in the depth of the scalded skin caused by different thicknesses of bone cement were observed under a light microscope. RESULTS: Damage caused by 1 mm‐, 4 mm‐, 8 mm‐, 12 mm‐, 16 mm‐, and 20 mm‐thick bone cement samples mainly involved the epidermis, the papillary dermis, the reticular dermis layer, and the full thickness of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. The maximum temperature of 1 mm, 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm bone cementation had a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between 12 mm, 16 mm, and 20 mm samples (p = 0.856). The time to severe scalding with bone cement at temperatures above 70°C was significantly different between different thicknesses (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The heat released by different thicknesses of bone cement leads to different maximum temperatures and the duration of severe burns, resulting in different degrees of skin burns. Attention should be paid to discarded bone cement to prevent this potential complication in knee arthroplasty.