Soil microbial communities are sensitive to differences in fertilization intensity in organic and conventional farming systems

Intensive agriculture has increased global food production, but also impaired ecosystem services and soil biodiversity. Organic fertilization, essential to organic and integrated farming, can provide numerous benefits for soil quality but also compromise the environment by polluting soils and producing greenhouse gases through animal husbandry. The need for reduced stocking density is inevitably accompanied by lower FYM inputs, but little research is available on the impact of these effects on the soil microbiome. We collected soil samples from winter wheat plots of a 42-year-old long-term trial comparing different farming systems receiving farmyard manure at two intensities and measured soil quality parameters and microbial community diversity through DNA metabarcoding. High-input fertilization, corresponding to 1.4 livestock units (LU) improved the soil’s nutritional status and increased soil microbial biomass and respiration when compared to low-input at 0.7 LU. Bacterial and fungal α-diversity was largely unaffected by fertilization intensity, whereas their community structure changed consistently, accompanied by an increase in the bacterial copiotroph-to-oligotroph ratio in high-input systems and by more copiotrophic indicator OTUs associated with high than low-input. This study shows that reduced nutrient availability under low-input selects oligotrophic microbes efficiently obtaining nutrients from various carbon sources; a potentially beneficial trait considering future agroecosystems.