EBV‐positive pyothorax‐associated lymphoma expresses CXCL9 and CXCL10 chemokines that attract cytotoxic lymphocytes via CXCR3

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation (DLBCL‐CI) develops in the setting of long‐standing inflammation. This type of lymphoma may have specific expression profiles of chemokines involved in the pathogenesis of DLBCL‐CI. EBV‐positive pyothorax‐associated lymphoma (PAL) is a prototype of DLBCL‐CI and represents a valuable model for the study of this disease category. Using a panel of PAL cell lines, we found that PAL cells expressed and secreted C–X–C motif chemokine ligands 9 and 10 (CXCL9 and CXCL10), the ligands of CXCR3, in contrast to EBV‐negative DLBCL cell lines, which did not. Culture supernatants from PAL cell lines attracted CXCR3‐expressing CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and CD56(+) natural killer cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PAL cells injected into mice also attracted CXCR3‐positive cytotoxic lymphocytes that expressed interferon‐γ. The expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 was detected in PAL tumor biopsy samples from patients, and CXCR3‐positive lymphocytes were abundant in the tissue samples. Collectively, these findings suggest that CXCL9 and CXCL10 are produced by PAL cells and can elicit cytotoxic responses via CXCR3. This chemokine system is also likely to contribute to tissue necrosis, which is a signature histological feature of DLBCL‐CI. Further studies are warranted to determine whether the CXCL9–CXCL10/CXCR3 axis exerts antitumor effects in DLBCL‐CI.